Ethology > Eth-1 > Flashcards

Eth-1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Tinbergen

A

Methodology (Dutch ethologist + ornithologist)
“Tinbergen’s 4 questions”
Nobel

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2
Q

Lorenz

A

First coherent theory of instinct + innate behaviour
Zoologist, fundamental ideas
Nobel

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3
Q

Frisch

A

Communication of bees

Nobel

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4
Q

Ethology as a well accepted science

A

Frisch, Lorenz, Tinbergen: “their discoveries concerning organization + elicitatoin of individual + social behaviour problems”

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5
Q

4 questions

A
  • Causation of behaviour (stimuli that elicits behaviour)
  • Function of behaviour (how the behaviour adds to the animal’s reproductive success)
  • Behaviour during ontogeny (modified by individual experiences)
  • Behaviour during phylogeny (comparison of related spp)
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6
Q

Human-Animal relationship

A

How animals perceive humans + how they remember experiences => help farmers to a more smooth interaction

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7
Q

Abnormal behaviour

A

Farm animals- cannibalism, etc

Companion animals- aggression, uncontrolled urination + defecation

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8
Q

Housing that fail to meet the behavioural needs

A
  • Ethostasis
  • Multifactorial diseases
  • Animal Welfare
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9
Q

Legislation

A

Laws + regulations for animal protection

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10
Q

Animal Welfare

A

The science supports the regulatory work (e.g providing scientific info about the space requirements of the animals)

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11
Q

Welfare Science

A

Applied Ethology and other fields.

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12
Q

Animals possess int.world

A
  • Differentiate themselves from other creatures by odour, visual, auditory, etc.
  • Fear/frustration = expression of subjective suffer
  • Basic emotions
  • Feel the empathy of humans + they have empathy towards group mates
  • Altruistic behaviour (self-sactifying of mother defending offsprings)
  • Pain sensation
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13
Q

Sentience

A

Individual has the capacity to have feelings

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14
Q

Animal Welfare Science

A

By Ruth Harrison, 1964

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15
Q

Rogers Brambell- min requirement list

A
  • Freedom of mvm
  • Feeding, water supply, handling + treatment of farm animals
  • Keeping conditions of different farm animal spp
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16
Q

5 freedoms= the 5 domains of potential welfare compromise

A
  • Freedom from thirst, hunger + malnutrition
  • Freedom from discomfort
  • Freedom from pain, injury + disease
  • Freedom to express normal behaviour
  • Freedom from fear + distress
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17
Q

“Life worth living”, “Good life”

A

Good housing, treatments, transport, slaughtering and skilled stockperson and farmers

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18
Q

Promotion of good welfare

A
  1. Scientific info about the needs of animals
  2. How genetic selection affects animal health
  3. How the environment influences injuries + transmission of diseases
  4. How the environment affects adaptive behaviour
  5. Minimize conflict and allow positive social contact
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19
Q

UFAW (University Federation for Animal Welfare)

A

1938, before= University of London Animal Welfare Society

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20
Q

Experiment of Tryon (1940) and Cooper + Zubek (1958)

A

Reared in an improverished environment (bright rats as poorly as dull rats) + in an enriched environment (dull rats as well as bright rats).
=> how careful we must be infering deterministic genetic control over behaviour correlation has been demonstrated.

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21
Q

Genetic vs Environmental influence

A

Genetic traits = predispositions to certain reactions
Eg. may develop when the environment lacks a stimuli
Single gene influences- rare barking (Scott + Fuller)/ on a complex behaviour in insects.

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22
Q

DNA

A

It’s storing info which are used to provide instructions how and when a protein should be produced

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23
Q

Mutation

A

Alters the protein encoded + affect receptivity

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24
Q

QTL (quantitative trait loci)

A

Chromosomal regions of the tendency of honey bees to sting, preference for alcohol (mice), hyperactivity (rats)

Jungle fowl + modern laying hens => F2: large genotypic + ohenotypic variation

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25
'Knockout animals'
Specific genes = 'turned off' | Ie. mice kacking the gene for oxytocin- lack capacity to eject milk, reduced agressivity
26
Principles of evolution
- Principle of variation (the closer the relationship the greater the resemblance) - Principle of genetic inheritance (genes have some influence over the phenotypic variation) - Principle of natural selection (influence reproductive abilities- if reproductive capacity is enhanced => increased frequency, if it's reduced => decreased
27
Ritualization
A process by which ancertain behaviour evolves into a signal by becoming exaggerated and losing its original function.
28
Fitness
Contribute genes to the next generation | Consumes energy
29
Optimal behaviour
Low cost, e.g. Large territory, optimal foraging
30
ESS (Evolutionary Stable Strategy)
On average confers the largest benefit to the individuals of a population
31
First wave of domestication
Farm animals, dog, horse
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Second wave of domestication
Foxes, raccoon, dog, chinchillas, etc | For specific needs or wishes
33
Dopamine
Regulation of cognition + motivation-related functions, sleep, mood, stereotypic behaviours (hens)
34
Serotonin
Level of fear, anxiety, stress, stereotypic behaviour | Tryptophan (precursor)- reduce fear + anxiety in fur animals and reduce stress in pigs
35
Neuropeptides
Endorphins, encephalins | Analgesic effect, pleasureable events (eating)
36
Circardian rhythms
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)- regulated by light, regulates the secretion of melatonin (during darkness) Melatonin -> sleep Sleeping: when glucocortical levels are slow (evening) and ends when highest (morning)
37
Sleep
Ceasing activities when environmental conditions are not optimal 2 phases: rapid eye-mvm (REM) and non-rapid eye mvm (NREM) True sleep: "brain sleep" with EEG δ waves + "paradoxical sleep" with REM + mvm of distal digits
38
Food intake
Governed by hypothalamus CKK (cholecystokinin): reduces meal size Leptins: limits eating, follows circardian rhythm Ghrelin: increases feeling of hunger, affects hypothalamus Insulin: increases after eating Melatonin: effect on metabolism and hunger
39
Motivational state
"Sums up" the input stimuli and determines the output behaviour The magnitude of motivation alters behaviour Also the combined physiological + perceptual state of an animal as represented in its brain Motivation is controlled by forebrain
40
Negative feedback
Execution of a behaviour pattern reduces the motivation to perform it
41
Hysteresis
Delayed negative feedback. It takes time to reduce motivation
42
Sollert-Istwert model
Acting more like a thermostat => causes behaviour that brings an animal's state closer to andesired end point. The greater the discrepancy bw Sollwert and Istwert => stronger the motivation
43
Prevalent in captive animals
Abnormal repetitive behaviours with no apparent goal
44
Origin of horses
``` Eohippus (55-60 million years), fox sized, forest Modern horse (2 million years), 1 toe ```
45
Hybrids
Normally sterile, except for Przewalski
46
Viosion (horses)
Panoramic field 330-350 Blind spots: behind itself, in front of the muzzle Limited ability to focus bw distant and close objects Extremely sensitive to mvm Rods: dominate => excellent night vision Dichromats bw green and grays (some red and not yellow and vv)
47
Hearing (horses)
Well developed Funnel shaped ears can move in unison/ indepndently of each other, using 10 mm, move around a L arc of 180 degrees Broad hearing range 55-33.5Hz Senses geographical vibrations through the hoof
48
Smell (horses)
Smell ans taste are linked neurologically Sniffing: part of greeting Accessory olfactory system- vomeronasal organ (does not open in the oral cavity). Used to detect pheromones in urine - Flehmen response (colts show more than fillies, but foalsmore often than do their mothers)
49
Taste
Grooming Determination of caloric content of foods Avoid a food associated with illness
50
Touch (horses)
Withers, mouth, flank and elbow are very sensitive | Dislike their ears, eyes, groin and bulbs of the heels to being touched
51
Eating
12-17h < , when forage is scarce => increase bite-frequency Peaks: early morning, late afternoon Risk of gastric ulceration increases, gastric acidity rises Olfaction- avoid areas with eq feces
52
Drinking (horses)
2-4 L/ kg of dry matter food consumed 90 L In winter, v cold water => decrease uptake => dehydration, colic
53
Locomotion
Walk,trot,gallop (rack in Icelandic horses) - Walk: 4-beat, diagonal: RF, LH, LF, LH - Trot: 2-beat, diagonal - Canter: 3-beat, Gallop: 4-beat , asymmetrical, L or R according to the leading FL - Pace: most lateral gait
54
Mutual grooming
Exchange of odors => reduce heart rate Females more time than males Stallions in multi-stallion harems groom one another Low-ranking individuals groom more- role in appeasement
55
Rest and sleep (horses
Active 80% of day and 60% of night 2h daily in 4-5 periods Drowsing: standing, eyelids partly opened, min muscular effort, avoidance of the cardiorespiratory compromise Sleeping: SWS (slow wave sleep), REM. SWS cannot compensate for lost REM.
56
Feral horses
1. Harem groups: 1 male, multiple females, natal band (mares, offspring, stallion) 2. Bachelor: excess males
57
Dominance hierarchy
Remains stable. In feral groups the males tend to rank at the top, with dominance being expressed as threats to bite / kick
58
Role of stallion in natal band
If there is a threat, drives his group away using snake gestures
59
Ears (horses)
``` Most important in eq non-vocal communication Forward: alert Drooping: relaxed Laid Back: request, listening Pinned back: anger Multidirectional: confusing ```
60
English purebreed horses
Middle of Feb-Jul (breeding season)
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Normal racehorse
Midd of Feb - midd of Oct (breeding season)
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Breeding season
5 days estrus, 16 days diestrus
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Winter acyclia in horses
Nov-Jan
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"Sneak matings"
Subordinate stallions with young females
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Suckling response
Stimulated by tactile stimuli
66
Suckling (horse)
35-40 weeks Weaning - 15 weeks before the next foaling - domestic: 4-6 months old
67
Abnormal behaviour (horses)
1. Indicating physical pain/ disease (stawhorse-stance, kicking towards abdomen, lifting/ ringing tail, etc). 2. Stereotypic behaviour (stress coping mechanisms ?)
68
Streotypic behaviour
Repetitive, functionless, inadequate management conditions | In captive wild animals (40%
69
Stereotypic behaviours
Crib-biting, tongue rolling, lip mvms, wood chewing Weaving (shifting weight bw front legs) Self biting, wall-kicking
70
Factors for developing stereotypies
Social isolation, stalling, high/low [forage] => increase acidity => crib-biting Thoroughbreds Stress
71
Ancestor of dogs
Wolf. MtDNA only inherited from mothers, wolf has the closest.
72
Vision (dogs)
~human eyes: 97% rods (human:95%), 3% cones (human:5%) 6X lower acuity Dichromatic vision: blue + yellow
73
Smell (dog)
Vomeronasal organ: bottom of nasal cavity, behind upper incisors
74
Socialization period (dog)
``` Open eyes (2 weeks) Open ear canals (3 weeks) ```
75
Sexual maturity (dog)
Male: 5-7 months Female: 7-9 months
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