Ethical issues Unit 4

Question 1

IRB

Answer 1

Institutional Review Board

• has a min 5 members
• approves all research on human participation

Question 2

APA ethical codes (American Psychological Association)

Answer 2

1. Responsibility and protection from harm
   - Boundaries of Competence
   - Maintaining Competence
2. Informed consent to research and recording voices/images
   - using language that is reasonably understandable to that person
   - For persons who are legally incapable of giving informed consent, psychologists nevertheless (1) provide an appropriate explanation, (2) seek the individual’s assent, (3) consider such persons’ preferences and best interests, and (4) obtain appropriate permission from a legally authorized person,
3. Coercion
   - Offering Inducements for Research Participation
4. Guidelines on deception
   - unless they have determined that the use of deceptive techniques is justified by the study’s significant prospective scientific, or educational (must be explained at the end and no later)
5. Guidelines on debriefing
   - Psychologists provide a prompt opportunity for participants to obtain appropriate information about the nature, results, and conclusions of the research, and they take reasonable steps to correct any misconceptions that participants may have of which the psychologists are aware
6. Scientific writing
   - Plagiarism
   - Publication credit
   - ———————-
7. Freedom to withdraw from participation
8. Shared responsibility among all research team members
9. Confidentiality regarding participants

Question 3

Ethics & Animal Experimentation: Animal experimentation

Answer 3

Human care and use of animals

Question 4

Animal rights vs. welfare (difference?)

Answer 4

Rights: Animals have same rights as humans, including legal rights (not generally accepted)

Welfare: Concerns about the care and use of animals

Question 5

What is speciesism?

Answer 5

Term used with sexism and racism by those who claim that its unethical to treat animals differently from humans

Question 6

CPA (Canadian Psychological Association)

4 principles

Answer 6

1. Respect for Dignity of Persons
2. Responsible Caring
3. Integrity in Relationships
4. Responsibility to Society

Question 7

Respect for Dignity of Persons

Answer 7

Each person should be treated as a person, and not an object.

• Respect, non-discrimination, fair treatment, informed consent, etc

Question 8

Responsible Caring

Answer 8

Resect the welfare of any individuals with whom the psychology has a professional relationship, in particular those who are in a vulnerable position.

Question 9

Integrity in Relationships

Answer 9

Honesty and forthrightness in all relationships.

Question 10

Responsibility to Society

Answer 10

**lowest weight of the four principles

Have respect for society.

Question 11

What do you do when confronted with a dilemma?

Answer 11

Consult with your colleagues and advisory bodies.

Question 12

What is informed consent? and what is its importance?

Answer 12

It is explaining the purposes and procedure of the experiment to the participant in terms which they will understand best. And in order to confirm that they understand and are willing to participate, they must sign a waver or verbally agree.

Question 13

What is deception? Why is it necessary and when is it necessary?

Answer 13

It involves lying or misleading participants regarding the actual purpose of the experiment.

It is necessary at times because knowing the true nature of the research would change its outcome.

It is acceptable only if the prospective scientific, educational or applied value of the study overrides the negative.

Question 14

What is debriefing?

Answer 14

It is informing participants of the true nature of an experiment that has involved deception.
This reduces stress of damage that may have been involved and ensures that participants experience as much personal and educational value as possible.

Question 15

What standards are set for laboratory animal facilities, animal care and etc. ?

Answer 15

Researchers using animals are:

• Supervised and trained
• Smaller numbers of animals are used if possible
• All work is done in consultation with a veterinarian to reduce pain and suffering

Question 16

Difference between APA & CPA?

Answer 16

Some encourage a strict divide between researcher and participant, whereas some view participants as collaborators and part owners of the data.