Ethics

Question 1

St. Angelicus

Answer 1

Thomas Aquinas

Question 2

is knowing the best goals and being able to reach for it through decisive action
– expressed interiorly

Answer 2

Freedom

Question 3

the very principle of foundations of all things; foundational knowledge that
gives humans the ability to act in such a way that is worthy of one’s very reality.

Answer 3

Reason

Question 4

revelation of God’s goodwill – the will of God; law that governs all –
relating with God himself whose will emanates to govern all that is.

Answer 4

Eternal law

Question 5

the sharing of human reason in the eternal will or divine law; the
moral law.

Answer 5

Natural law

Question 6

man’s created laws to govern the society; man-made laws or the
legality of laws

Answer 6

Positive law

Question 7

“Even If There Is No God”

Answer 7

Etsi Deus Non Daretur

Question 8

the proper functioning of reason in moving
the human person towards an end goal that is fitting of his/her dignity.

Answer 8

Conscience

Question 9

Types of Conscience that leads to bad action: (4)

Answer 9

1. Callous or the callousness of conscience is a long-time persistence in doing evil
   that the self is no longer concerned whether what he/she does is good or bad.
2. Perplexed is confusion which needs guidance.
3. Scrupulous is a conscience that fails to trust one’s ability to do good and, hence,
   overly concerns itself with avoiding what is bad to the point of seeing wrong
   where there is really none.
4. Ignorant or uninformed conscience which lacks education.

Question 10

Three Determinants of Moral Actions

Answer 10

1. Object of the Human Act
   - that which the will intends primarily and directly, either a thing or an action.
2. Circumstance
   - the condition affecting the morality of an action, which may aggravate or mitigate
   the morality of the human act.
   a. quality of a person (who)
   b. quality or quantity of the moral object (what)
   c. the circumstance of place (where)
   d. the circumstance of means (by what means)
   e. the circumstance of end (why)
   f. manner in which the action is done (how)
   g. time element involved in the performance of the action (when)
3. End

Question 11

Four Principles of Double Effect

Answer 11

1. The action intended must be good in itself, or at least morally indifferent; otherwise,
   the act is evil at the very outset;
2. The good effect must follow the action at least as immediately as the evil effect, or the
   good and evil effects must occur simultaneously;
3. The foreseen evil effect should not be intended or approved, but merely permitted to
   occur; and
4. There must be a proportionate and sufficient reason for allowing the evil effect to
   occur while performing the action.