Ethics 2

Question 1

What is ethics

Answer 1

• systematic reflection on, and analysis of morality
• goal is to arrive at a caring response
• primary loyalty is to the pt
• A process that sees ‘what is’ and asks ‘what really ought to be?’

Question 2

nursing code of ethics: provision #3

Answer 2

• Nurse promotes, advocates for and protects the rights, health, and safety of the pt
• HIPPA

Question 3

autonomy

Answer 3

• pts right to make decisions about their own care
• pt agrees with their own care
• pt consents to treatment (if conscious)
• in an emergency situation, and the pt is unconscious, the health care team or family makes a decision in the best interest of the pt
• if there is a learning disability as long as the person can show signs of consent they can decide for themselves -> otherwise a guardian decides

Question 4

paternalism

Answer 4

• taking care of a person instead of letting pt make decision for themselves
• limits pts. autonomy
• respecting autonomy is hard if health care doesnt agree with pt.

Question 5

nonmaleficence

Answer 5

• do no harm
• somewhat passive
• refrain from abuse
• primary loyalty to the pt
• a person goes from a person to a pt when they enter the hospital
• they are feeling vulnerable, weak, lesser, passive
• avoid harm
• will my actions hurt the pt?

Question 6

beneficence

Answer 6

• prevent harm
• remove harm when it is being afflicted
• bring about positive good
• active
• mindset that acknowledges “I am in a position to benefit someone”

Question 7

in the esther korn case who was bound by the principle of fidelity

Answer 7

• the nurse

- a practitioners responsibility to be faithful to the pt, self, colleagues, institution, profession

Question 8

fidelity

Answer 8

• a practitioners responsibility to be faithful to the pt, self, colleagues, institution, profession
• stay true to the pt and yourself
• caring response to the pt

Question 9

veracity

Answer 9

• practitioner telling the pt the truth about diagnosis, prognosis, treatment options
• binds you to tell the truth
• 2nd level principle
• if the pt trust you, you can form a good relationship
• support the intent to be beneficent
• maintains fidelity (faithful to pt)
• EXCEPTION- therapeutic privilege -> details are too much for the pt to handle at one time -> they may cause harm to others or themselves
• withholding info for the best interest of the pt
• used as a last resort

Question 10

justice

Answer 10

• what is right vs. what is good
• providers responsibility to treat pt. fair and equal
• pts have same level of care
• taking a child away from a drug addicted parent is RIGHT, it may not be GOOD

Question 11

distributive justice

Answer 11

• using reasonable means to distribute justice
• demand is high and supply is low
• ex. ventilators, COVID vaccines, masks, mass tragedy

Question 12

ethical problem prototypes

Answer 12

• moral distress
• locus of authority problem
• ethical dilemma

Question 13

moral distress

Answer 13

• you face a challenge about how to maintain your integrity or the integrity of the profession
• can cause physical sickness
• physical response to distress/decisions
• something is blocking me from taking ethical action
• “this makes me uncomfortable, I dont know the whole story, someone is lying, funding deficit, short staff, policies, what dont I know”

Question 14

locus of authority problem

Answer 14

• you face the challenge of deciding, from an ethical point of view, who should be the primary decision maker
• who has authority to make decision?
• is it the pt, doctor, nurse, family
• who has the power

Question 15

ethical dilemma

Answer 15

• you face a challenge about the right thing to do
• there are 2 or more courses of action
• no one outcome feels completely “right”
• maybe both choices are wrong/right
• which is better?
• 2 choices where no one is happy in the end

Question 16

deontology

Answer 16

• evaluating
• duty-driven
• means count
• if something is wrong but outcome is right -> still wrong
• process > outcome
• focuses on the process not the outcome
• medical team in the nancy cruzan case was prioritized -> driven by DUTY

Question 17

teleology

Answer 17

• utilitarianism
• goal driven
• outcome > process
• least harm done
• process can be done out of order
• nancy cruzans family focused on teleology -> her dignity and outcome of life or not

Question 18

deontology vs teleology

Answer 18

• 2 options are equally correct

- depends on the scenario

Question 19

6 step process of ethical decision making

Answer 19

• formalized approach to reflection
• leads to a caring response
• 1. gather as much relevant information as possible to get your facts straight -> research
• 2. determine the precise nature of the ethical problem (if the data confirms that there is one) -> info on the problem -> is it moral distress? Etc.
• 3. decide on the ethics approach that will best get to the heart of the problem -> deontology vs. teleology
• 4. decide what should be done and how best it can be done (explore the widest range of options possible) -> explore all options, use pros and cons
• 5. act
• 6. reflect on and evaluate the action -> learn from experience
• steps 3-4 can be repeated several times

Question 20

moral development

Answer 20

begins during childhood as a result of adult influences

Question 21

morality

Answer 21

• values, duty, and character
• comes from relationships between people and how they can best live in peace and harmony
• establishes guidelines for language and behavior that are designed to preserve the fabric (structure/organization) of society
• guidelines (language behavior) determine what we should value
• individuals and groups act based on what they believe to be right or wrong and good or bad
• during childhood adults instill assumptions about right or wrong and good or bad, thus creating strong convictions
• these beliefs shape how we live and our reputation

Question 22

morality is relational

Answer 22

• morality protects the quality of life for individuals, groups or the community
• ones language and behavior impact the interest of others

Question 23

morality depends on context

Answer 23

-moral judgement is impacted by situations and circumstances

Question 24

values

Answer 24

• the things we hold dear

- things that uphold our ideas of what is needed for morality to survive and thrive

Question 25

duty

Answer 25

-actions required of an individual, group, or society if each is to play a part in preventing harm and building a human foundation that can thrive

Question 26

character

Answer 26

- traits and dispositions or attitudes that set the goundwork for us to trust each other and to provide for human flourishing in times of stress - combined compassion, courage, honesty faithfulness, respectfulness and humility make up high moral character

Question 27

personal morality

Answer 27

-who you are as a unique moral being- your values, duty (conduct), and character -one of the most essential resources in your professional life is your own moral integrity...behaving in accordance with ones own values -the integration of character and conscience -

Question 28

group morality

Answer 28

- the moral guidelines adopted by a religious group, workplace culture, a club, a service organization, or ethnic cluster - health professions is a moral group/moral community - professional morality embraces moral values, duty, and character traits - effective care teams are grounded in a shared purpose to support the common good in healthcare for a singular patient

Question 29

societal morality

Answer 29

- contains values, duty, and character that come from cultural beliefs - humans relationship with God (or gods), with one another and with the world - laws, customs, and policies reflect societal morality

Question 30

professional code of ethics

Answer 30

- most codes are produced by the professions national association and reflect the collective wisdom about how members should conduct themselves as professionals, which gives the items in the code an authoritative collective voice for that profession - each professional code of ethics is a statement of its professional group morality - it is a summary of a larger moral role in a society as a member of a special moral community - each code provides a measuring rod for engaging in continual self-improvement in practice - one can use the code to ask "how do i measure up against the moral standards and specific directives outlined in my code?"

Question 31

institutional policies

Answer 31

- Healthcare institution policies, customs and culture should include the health professions group morality. - Healthcare team interventions should focus on each respective patient’s type and amount of care needed.

Question 32

gold standard of ethics

Answer 32

What do human dignity and respect demand of us?

Question 33

professional responsibility

Answer 33

focused on duty and guided by | the fact that your patients are vulnerable.