Ethics 2.2

Question 1

Nuremberg Code of ethical research conduct, 1948

Answer 1

In response to the horrific experiments conducted on prisoners by
Nazi & Japanese physicians.

• 10 guidelines for human experimentation, including the following:
• Voluntary consent
• Have societal benefits
• Avoid unnecessary pain
• Avoid killing/death
• Qualified researchers
• Participants can quit if they want

Question 2

Declaration of Helsinki (1964)

Answer 2

•A set of rules for human experimentation by the medical community
•It is morally binding to physicians and should override national and
state laws
•Some important guidelines
•Independent review committees
,Informed consent
,Risks should not exceed benefits

Question 3

Parts of Belmont Report

Answer 3

1) Respect for Persons
2) Justice
3) Beneficence

Question 4

Respect for Persons

Answer 4

• individuals should be treated as autonomous agents

- persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection

Question 5

Informed consent

Answer 5

-Participation is voluntary and subjects can withdraw at anytime
participants must be informed of :
-purpose of the research
-any foreseeable risks of harm
-description of what they are expected to do

Question 6

Beneficence

Answer 6

1) do not harm

2) maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harm

Question 7

Justice

Answer 7

1) benefits and burdens of research are equitably distributed
2) subject populations are not chosen because of convenience

Question 8

Institutional review board

Answer 8

8 criteria must be satisfied for approval:
•Risks must be minimized
•Favorable risk/benefit ratio
•Safe data collection
•Equitable subject selection (no discrimination)
•Vulnerable individuals must be safeguarded
•Free (no coercion) & informed consent must be sought
•Informed consent must be documented
•Confidentiality & privacy must be maintained

Question 9

Who is a confederate?

Answer 9

A member of
the research team that
pretends to be a
participant.

Question 10

Debriefing

Answer 10

• after experiment
• benefits of study
• required if deception was involved

Question 11

Equitable selection

Answer 11

Those who take the risks should be

those that receive the benefits.

Question 12

Safeguarding special populations

Answer 12

• children
• elderly
• disabled
• racial and ethnic minorities
• prisoners

Question 13

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

Answer 13

Animals need to be treated humanely.
•low Pain/stress
•Surgery
•Trained researchers
•Lab inspections
•Veterinarians available

Question 14

Replication crisis

Answer 14

solutions:

• pre registration
• open source data
• more specific reporting of methods