Define ethics
Ethics is the science of morals
Define morals - 2
Aspects reflecting the rightness or wrongness of an action
Morals commonly refer to qualities that are good and bad and conform with behavioural standards
what are the GPHC standards - 9
1 Provide person-centred care
2 Work in partnership with others
3 Communicate effectively
4 Maintain, develop and use their professional
knowledge and skills
5 Use professional judgement
6 Behave in a professional manner
7 Respect and maintain the person’s
confidentiality and privacy
8 Speak up when they have concerns or when
things go wrong
9 Demonstrate leadership
what is deontological ethics - 3
- considerable importance for the special status of human beings
- central is the intrinsic value of human beings having values independent of external reference or consideration
- independent dignity or value that humans have personal autonomy including:
- capacity for judgement and reflection
- ability to decide and follow actions are of ones choosing
- act is more important than outcome
e.g technique imperatives - if you want to be on time leave at 8.00 - assertoric imperative - if you wish to remain healthy then you should eat a balanced diet and regular exercise
what is Consequentialist ethics - 3
- the opposite of deontological ethics
- the main consideration is favouring action that will achieve the best possible consequence or result
- the outcome is more important than the action
what is virtue ethics - 3
- the concept is aretaic ( having goodness)
- focuses on moral uprightness
- telling the truth or not being disreputable is a good enough reason
what is the 4 pillars of ethics
beneficence
non-maleficence
respect for autonomy
justice
what is Beneficence and non maleficence - 3
- acting in ways that benefit a patient - patient care
- do good if you can but do no harm
- not always easy - treating a symptom with meds but causes adverse reaction
what is respect for autonomy - 2
- capacity of self government in individual
- is it right to make one owns decision and pursue ones own actions in consideration of an ability to be open to reason and consider consequences as well
what is Justice - 3
- in healthcare justice refers to distributive allocation
- could manifest itself in healthcare as access to and denial of treatment
- benefits vs burden
what is ethics of care - 2
- similar to virtue ethics but places more emphasis on altruism
- this is about caring for those in need
what is duty based morality
Patients who consult a pharmacist do so with the expectation that that they have the right to good quality, current information and decisions made are safe and up to date
what is goal based morality
Internal motivations to use one’s knowledge and skills to better the lives of as many people as possible
what is the 4 stage decision making system - 4
- Gather relevant facts
- prioritise and ascribe values
- generate options
- choose an option
how do you generate options in the ethics decision making system - 4
- determine what you could do
- establish the likely consequences of each course of action
- choose which will have the best chance of a good outcome
- in some case the outcome will have the least likelihood of causing harm
what can impair fitness to practice - 7
- Misconduct
- Deficient professional performance (lack of competence)
- Adverse physical or mental health
- Not having the necessary knowledge of English
- Failure to comply with a reasonable requirement imposed by an assessor
- Conviction of a criminal offence or receipt of a caution
- Determination by another health or social care regulator that the registrant’s fitness to practise is impaired.
what are doctors prescribing rights - 3
- can prescribe any POM
- can prescribe any CD Schedule apart from schedule 1
- can request emergency supplies of POMs
what are dentist prescribing rights - 3
- Any POM
- ANY schedule but not for treating addiction
- FP10D prescribe can only include items on the dental formulary
what can doctors from EEA not prescribe - 2
- they CANNOT prescribe S1 S2 S3 CDs
- only meds with UK authorisation
what can midwives prescribe
diamorphine or morphine or pethidine
what can optometrists sell or supply - 2
- all GSLs & P meds
- POM with chloramphenicol or fusidic acid
GPhC standards - 9
1 Provide person-centred care
2 Work in partnership with others
3 Communicate effectively
4 Maintain, develop and use their professional
knowledge and skills
5 Use professional judgement
6 Behave in a professional manner
7 Respect and maintain the person’s
confidentiality and privacy
8 Speak up when they have concerns or when
things go wrong
9 Demonstrate leadership
Kohlberg’s 3 stages of moral reasoning
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional
Kohlberg’s moral reasoning: Preconventional - 2
- Obedience and punishment (obeys rules to avoid punishment)
- Individualism, instrumentalism and exchange (conforms to obtain rewards)
- essentialy follow society’s rules to avoid punishment & act in self-interest
