Etruscan - End Flashcards by Emily Kovalenko

Tomb of Hunting and Fishing, Tarquinia
6th century BC- Etruscan
boys fishing in boat
boys diving off rocks
- depicts daily lifestyle
figures refrain from filling up entire space
- rare
birds flying in air - not to scale
afterlife like real life

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Tomb of the Leopards, Tarquinia
5th century BC- Etruscan
Estruscans banqueting
daily life activities
- bring these aspects to afterlife
social aspect - men and women at banquet
Etruscans very gestural
- women depicted, by convention, as white and men are dark
man holding egg
entertainment - flutist
- Exaggerated features - hands and feet

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Tomb of the Reliefs
3rd century BC - Etruscan
tomb with many reliefs on walls
contains things that would be at home
contains tools
carrying of funeral bed
features that correspond to men and women (drinking cups and fans)
everything well preserved except 2 portraits
- iconoclasm
3 headed dog - protects/guards underworld

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Ficoroni Cista
late 4th century BC - Etruscan
bronze
cylindrical with lid
animated by figures on lid
most cistas were made east of Rome at Palestrina
- this one in particular was made in Rome
example of eclectic approach in art
cosmetic implements kept inside
- good for marriage gift to wife
body-engraved (Etruscan characteristic)
- Greek story of Argonauts
- similar style to 4th century Greek art
  - casual stance, contropossto, Greek gods
inscription - Novios Plautios made me at Rome
- Etruscan, Greek, and Roman
- Roman style - depends on situation - not as standard

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Capitoline Wolf
late 6th century - Etruscan
refers to foundation myth of Rome
wolf is maternal
is Etruscan art more than Roman
- Roman in theme, Etruscan in style
very expressive

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Arringatore, Aule Metele (Aule Metellus) Bronze
1st century BC - Roman Art - Late Republic
Bronze statue of an orator
most likely addressing politicians
wearing tunic, toga, and boots - high (senatorial)
- free people wear togas - symbol of being a Roman citizen (togate race)
compare to Demosthenes
inscriptions with Etruscan letters at bottom of toga
Romans participate in debate
depicts real individual
- no two sculptures are alike
- middle-aged man
- toga - can’t do manual labor with toga on

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Portraits of a Roman, from Osimo
1st century BC - Late Republic
portraits tend to depict old men
leaders were old men
because portrait is of old man - signifies that he is important and high up
looks old
- wrinkles, receding hairline
brutal realism, superrealistic, verism

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Man with portrait busts of his ancestors
Late 1st century BC - Roman Art - Late Republic
Rome
made of marble
man wearing toga
man holding two busts
- heads were enough for portraits
busts depict his ancestors - imagines
- displayed in households
- Plebians not allowed to have statues of ancestors in houses
portraits signify distinguished family line

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Portrait of a Roman General from Tivoli
1st century BC - Roman Art - Late Republic
know he’s a general because of his armor at the bottom
eclecticism
body is idealized form but head is old - doesn’t match
- wrinkles, some from presistant stare, not veristic

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Coin Portrait of Julius Caesar
1st century BC - Roman Art - Late Republic
depicted as older individual

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Funerary relief of the Gessii from Rome
1st century BC - Roman Art - Late Republic
freed slaves with elite Roman (born free) in middle
Liberta - female freed slave
Libertus - male freed slave
images on tomb of lower class citizens
- not exactly true to life but emulates other art

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Relief with Funerary Procession from Amiternum
2nd half of 1st century - Roman Art - Late Republic
deceased figure laying in middle
- doesn’t convey space in a normal way
- space bubble around deceased
- strange groundlines on top
- space is rendered in a conceptual way
- musicians attending funeral
- professional mourners on top
lower level citizens, not elite because art isnt as realistic

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Temple of Portunus (Temple of “Fortuna Virilis”)
1st century BC - Roman Art - Late Republic
Rome
4 columns across front - tetrastyle
full columns in front, engaged columns on sides - emphasized front - Etruscan style
Ionic columns
Greek aspects - stone materials, similar columns, Ionic order

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Roman Concrete
Romans could build many more structures
made of lime, mortor, volcanic rock, chunks of rock
- dries rock solid
easy and more efficient

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Sanctuary of Fortuna, Praeneste
late 2nd century BC - Roman Art - Late Republic
vaulted chambers
rounded walls
curved colonnade
interacted with landscape - built on hill
made with Roman concrete

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Primaporta Augustus
27 BC - 96 AD Early Roman Empire (Augustus)
copy of a bronze original
statue of Augutus - 1st emperor of Rome
- grandnephew of Julius Caesar (became his adopted son)
  - called himself Caesar, gained his money, supporters, army/legions
  - began to rise to power
  - 31 BC defeated Marc Antony and Cleopatra
  - 27 BC changed name to Augustus
  - traced ancestry back to Venus (Aphrodite)
strong military person - military tunic, breastplate, general’s cloak
- addressing army - same gesture as Aule Metele
alludes to divine ancestry - statue of eos at bottom - son of Venus
similar stance to Doryphoros - contropossto - classical Greece
Augustus is shown as young
- not as much intensity in face
- wants to show control/discipline and negate signs of weakness/change - stays young
idealized face with Augustus’s real features - filtered with idealized mask of Greek sculpture
Breastplate has relief of Parthinian giving back
Roman spoils to Romans - 20 BC
- mythological references- Gods/personifications
raises historical event to cosmic event
- sky above, fertile earth below
- sun’s rising, dawn is here - beginning of day
  - represents new Golden Age that Augustus is bringing
- 2 personifications of provinces on sides
- geographical setting

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Augustus wearing corona civica, or civic crown
27 BC - 96 AD - Early Roman Empire (Augustus)
symbol of Roman emperor

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Portrait of Livia, from Faiyum, Egypt
27 BC - 96 AD - Early Roman Empire (Augustus)
Augustus’s wife
long hair pulled up into bun
2 parts with bangs rooled up in front
- way elite Roman woman would wear their hair
just as idealized as Augustus - never ages
- elite couple

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Ara Pacis
27 BC - 96 AD - Early Roman Empire (Augustus)
Pax Augustus - Augustus personalized the pleace in Rome - defeated army
celebrates peace Augustus brought to Rome
no roof, raised on pylon, perfect symmetry
relief sculpture on outside
- about life-size
altar on inside in middle
processions from east to west
- depict real people - Augustus, Agrippa - south side
  - framed by mother Earth and Aeneas
North side framed by Roma (Rome) and Romulus and Remus
down below - acanthus plant - perfectly symmetrical
actual Roman citizens protrayed
- men, women, and children
  - signifying fertility - shortage of people in Republican time from elites killing each other
Augustus was a model
similar to Parthenon frieze - model
- Romans borrowing classical Greek style, not Hellenistic style
Mother Earth (Tellus)
- animal, water, air, earth, framed by 2 figures
  - allusion to Parthenon

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Maison Carree, Nimes, France
27 BC - 96 AD - Early Roman Empire (Augustus)
Nimes, France became Roman - installed Roman leaders, laws, architecture, temples, government buildings, entertainment, language, and measurements
one of the best preserved Roman temples
columns in the round in front, engaged on sides and back
corinthian order, elaborate floral frieze, very detailed
6 columns in front that are corinthian

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Pont du Gard, (aqueduct bridge)
27 BC - 96 AD - Early Roman Empire (Augustus)
Aqueduct - transports water from mountian spring to city to gradual downward slope
- mostly underground except for rivers - supported by columns
aqueducts don’t have columns - are practical and in countryside, not urban architecture

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Porta Maggiore, Rome
27 BC - 96 AD - Early Roman Empire (Claudius and Nero)
aqueducts do not have columns - are practical and in countryside, not urban architecture
but once it’s not used, it’s decorated
uses rustication - not perfectly sized rocks

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Domus Aurea (Golden House of Nero) Severus and Celer
27 BC - 96 AD - Early Roman Empire (Claudius and Nero)
Innovative
- little rooms that came off sides were different shapes
- octogonal room - large size
  - illuminated by oculus
- groin vaults
- light comes in over the dome of the octogon room
  - vault - haunch clerestory lighting
Nero’s estate in Rome’s Domus Aurea
- took a lot of city space
- Nero committed suicide - last in line - no successor
  - resulted in civil war
    - Vespasian won

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Portrait of Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus)
27 BD - 96 AD - Early Roman Empire (The Flavians)
Vespasian wanted to erase any traces of Nero
drained lake in Nero’s palace and built Colosseum
- grand statement - generosity to public

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* **The Colosseum** * 27 BC - 96 AD - Early Roman Empire (The Flavians) * amphitheature * very large building * called colosseum because it was built on site of colossal statue of Nero * many arches - 3 stories * columns on either side of arches * homage to Greek architecture * no structural importance/ support * uses Greek elements in a Roman way * outside made of stone * vaults go all the way in and around * fenestrated - having windows * vaults are important in Roman architecture

* **Arch of Titus** * 27 BC - 96 AD - Early Roman Empire (The Flavians) * Rome * functions as a doorway into the urban part of the city (Flavian Era) * Vespasian wanted the New Flavian part to be interconnected with the old part * multilayered monument * arch with two piers that are framed by columns * columns hold up entablature * projects out a little in the middle * attic on tip * main function - to support statue and to hold inscription * diefies Titus - (father also diefied) puts him in an elevated status * winged figures in the spangels (triangle shape between column and arch) * triumphal arch - celebrates triumph over Jewish revold in Jerusalem * columns capitals are composite between corinthian and Ionic order - composite order * panel on the left - shows triumphal procession of Romans, captured prisoners, and booty from the temple * panel on the right - Titus in victory chariot drawn by 4 horses * very high relief * achievements of the Emperor depicted in statue * a lot of emotion/ energy * playing off lights and darks with deep shadows * illusion of arch - makes figures seem to surge out - overlapping figures * more like Hellenistic sculpture

* **Pompeii Forum** * 1st century AD * Forum - center of politics, government, commerce, market, etc. of Pompeii * temple at north end, open space framed by colonnade * very similar to UVA lawn * Bassilica - kind of like smaller version of forum * focus at the end, colonnades on side * central space called Nave * plan: porchway leading tp stepps, central aisle, side walk ways separated by columns * Romans arrived in 89 BC and reformed city - so it's not in the center of the city anymore

* **Pompeii Amphitheater** * 1st century AD * similar to colosseum * entertainment center * sunken arena * get into amphitheater through arches

* **Brawl in the Amphitheater** * 1st century AD * Pompeii * painting of brawl between people of Pompeii and nearby town * Nero closed down amphitheater * historical event * used optical view that would be impossible in real life - viewed side as well as inside

* **The Roman House - Pompeii** * 1st century AD * aterum - big room in front of house with big opening and "basement" * rain water is stored using this opening * small rooms off sides - cubiculum * peristyle garden with opening in roof in the back * **Atrium of the house of the Vettii**

* **Roman Wall painting - First Style - Saminite House** * 2nd century to early 1st century BC * called masonry style because it is stucco painted to look like valuable stone * made to look 3 dimensional

* **Roman Wall painting - Second Style** * 100 BC - 15 BC * called illusionistic style * creates illusion of depth

* **Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor, at Boscoreale** * 100 - 15 BC - Second Style * illusion of depth by architecture * recession of architectural structures * illusion of light striking parts of architecture to create depth * two columns (layered) support zone beneath pediment * compare to Bull Leaping Fresco - very flat

* **Villa of Livia at Prima Porta, near Rome** * 100-15 BC - Second Style * walls painted with plants like a painted garden * little garden fence * larger trees closer, smaller trees farthur away * trees/plants in the distance are blurry and blue - Atmospheric perspective

* **Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii** * 100 - 15 BC - Second Style * creates depth through the use of a painted shelf with figures on it * Megalographia - large figure painting * God Dionysos reclining on wife * full wrap around in room * human figures on side (all female other than little boy) * Bridal reference

* **Villa of Agrippa Postumus at Boscotrecase** * 15 BC - 60 AD - Third Style (Ornate Style) * solidity of wall has been solidified * very thin columns support ornate decoration at top * in center, floating, is little landscape painting

* **Domus Aurea, Rome** * 60 AD - 79 AD - Fourth Style * in Nero's Golden House * reasserts 3rd dimension through painted windows

* **House of the Vettii, Pompeii** * 60 AD - 79 AD - Fourth Style * contains many aspects of different styles * many blocks showing outside landscape - all different landscapes (2nd Style) * block of orante style (3rd Style) * bottom is painted to look like stone (1st Style)

* **Still Life with peaches and glass container** * 1st century AD * Herculaneum * no humans but products of human activity * glass jar made by humans with water put into it * branch from pear tree placed on shelf * bite taken out of pear * shows several different tectures to create illusionistic art

* **Portrait bust of Trajan** * 2nd century AD * Trajan expanded Roman Empire * born in Spain - first non-Italian emperor * campaigned in Romania and moved south to conquer the Parthians * suddenly died and didn't organize succession * good representation of Trajan * depicts him as middle-aged-stays that way * short hair, clean shaven * distinct facial features * became emperor in 98 AD * Nerva - picked by senate to be emperor founded adoption succession. * adopted Trajan (next emperor)

* **Timgad, Algeria** * 2nd century AD - Roman Art * Rome * prototype of some Roman cities * 2 rows of North and south streets, grid-like formation * baths * Roman influence in Africa * Trajan brought elements of Dacian culture back into Rome, brought back a lot of money/booty

* **Forum of Trajan, Rome** * 2nd century AD - Roman Art * Apollodurus of Damascus, architect 1. temple of diefied Trajan - arrogant to plant that when he was still alive/Hadrian built it 2. column of Trajan - best preserved part of complex 3. libraries - one Greek, on Latin 4. large Basilica - similar to one at Pompeii but much larger and with clerestory lighting, * has grand facade looking out into open courtyard of forum * elaborate entryway * colonnade * equestrian statue in middle of forum * Roman characteristics * large scale, central axis, apses framing axis, use of columns, basilica, Roman sculpture * used granite stone, cut out as monoliths (single piece)

* **Column of Trajan** * 2nd century AD - Roman art * Rome * 100 Roman feet high * romans loved the number 100 or numbers that were divisible by 100 * base with door and sculpture on it * a lot of sculpture on column spiraling up * first case of frieze sculpture going up in spirals on column * explains epic story * can go into base through door * chamber where Trajan and his wife's ashes were laid * stairway spirals up on inside of spiral * viewing platform on top * burial chamber and viewing platform * impressive view - achievements of Trajan and power * Roman would process around column during funeral * sculpture * thousands of figures * battles, marches, building of fortifications, speeches made by militrary leaders * problem: not very easy to see * solution: can read it vertically * Trajan occurs over and over * Roman army crossing river * Roman building * soldiers going on campaign * Trajan with attendants and soldiers * similar view as Brawl at amphitheater * 2 different views in one scene - typical of Romans

* **Markets of Trajan, Rome** * 2nd century AD - Roman art * multi-story, climbing up hillside, hundreds of shops * one of the great undiscovered wonders of Rome * built from Roman concrete * covered market hall * groin vaulting covering

* **Arch of Trajan, Benevento, Italy** * 2nd Century AD - Roman art * similar to Arch of Titus * celebrates engineering victory (road building) * has statue on inside and outside

* **Portrait of Hadrian, from Rome** * 2nd century AD - Roman art * next emperor, related to Trajan, campaigned, Trajan's wife manufactured adoption of Hadrian by Trajan - problematic succession * wore a beard - like the ancient Greeks * loved Greeks * wore hair a little bit longer * new presentation of Emperor * carving of the eye and engraving of the pupil * Hadrian travelled around Empire * Patron of the Pantheon

* **Pantheon, Rome** * 2nd Century AD - Roman art * good example of Roman eclecticism * 8 frontal columns, pediment * dome cylinder made of Roman concrete * larger interior space without any support on the inside * oculus at top of dome * granite shipped from Egypt * description on facade says Agrippa made it - in memory of him * Interior * 142 ft x 142 ft * space explodes in front of you * eyes are forced to look up at oculus * light comes in through oculus * columns inside don't do anything structurally * outside pediment has floating pediment behind it * troubled architects * reconstructed Pantheon possibly used shorter columns than before that made pediment lower than before (hence floating pediment) * theory comes from Mark Wilson Jones

* **Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli, Canopus and Serapeum** * 2nd century AD - Roman art * borrows notion of columns and entablature from Greek but used arches * banquet hall * Cf. Al-Khazneh, Petra, Jordan * columns and pediment projecting out of rock cliff * very Hellenistic and energetic

* **Model of an insula at Ostia** * 2nd Century AD - Roman art * built houses and buildings vertically instead of horizontally * used roman concrete

* **Floor mosaic from the Baths of Neptune** * 2nd century AD - Roman art * made from cut stone * 4 horses drawing chariot * Neptune floating along by himself * see some non-elite art

* **Tombs of Working Men and Women: Relief of a vegetable vendor** * 2nd century AD - Roman art * relief of vendor selling vegetables * standing behind table * presented as if the top is turned up (bird's eye view) * man is getting out in a practical business way * hairstyle is similar to Trajan's (similar date) * simple clothes (tunic) * simple, common guy

* **Column base of Antonines Pius, Rome** * 2nd century AD - Roman art * Hadrian adopted Antonines Pius * has Antonines adopt Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus * depicts adoption, seated figures * bewinged figure with Hadrian and wife on top - transformation into gods - similar to Parthenon style (even though there's 600 years between there) * personification of Rome (Roma) * other side * infantry on pyre * figures don't quite fit, lower class art * this style becomes more common * juxtaposition of the 2 styles

* **Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius** * 2nd century AD - Roman art * bronze statue * Marcus riding horse * milirary position * gesturing to people below * looks as if he's a little old

* **Portraits of a husband and a wife, Pompeii** * 1st century AD - Roman art * husband holding scroll - just married her! * wife holding syllus - just married him! * marriage contract

* **Mummy portraits (encaustic on wood)** * 2nd century AD - Roman art * portrait of a priest of serapis, faiyum, Egypt * depictss individual * painted on wooden panel * shows mastery of textures and lights and darks * encaustic - mix color with wax and apply it with tools onto wood

* **Painted portrait (tempera on wood) of Septimius Severus and his family, from Egypt** * 3rd century - Roman art * Marcus Aurelius didn't plan succession very well * cometus (son) not prepared and assassinated * civil war followed * Septimius Severus won through civil war * tried to make himself look like most recent good emperor and make people believe he's Marcus Aurelius's son * military future * damage on face of Caracalla's brother * iconoclasm - Caracalla wanted to be the sole emperor and killed his brother and destroyed all pictures/images of him * portrait shows stability of generations * Septimius has golden crown * wife has nice clothes and up to date hairstyle * piece explains succession * Caracalla is assassinated without a plan of succession

* **Portrait of Caracalla** * 3rd century - Roman art * depicts caracalla as being rough and intense * intense expression in eyes (pupils) * head looking over left shoulder long, curly hair and beard gone * military cut - sticks for a while * sculpture uses eyes to explore expression - very true to life * uses many abstraction to do this * triangles on forehead * lines on nose, laugh lines, and triangles on forehead create X on face * abstraction becomes more common

* **Chariot Procession of Septimus Severus, from arch at Lepcis Magna** * 3rd century - Roman art * transition towards style of Middle Ages * abstraction * different formations of figures, faces * clear dynastic statements of Septimius Severus showing off sons * he and his sons are depicted as frontal * looking for clarity - who's most important * figures in back are elevated for clarity * don't have legs - not looking for optical reality * proportions aren't correct * drapery detailed but simple * folds are incisions - linear way of showing drapery * compare to arch of Titus * Classical style is somewhat rejected

* **Baths of Caracalla, Rome** * 3rd century - Roman art * large imperial bath * imperial gift to people * symmetrical relative to front * multipurpose area * like spa and health center * important cultural aspect in life * great feat of engineering (aqueducts) * spaces of movement and vision (axis) * cold room, warm room, hot room * big swimming pool * groin vaults above cold pool * clerestory lighting - 8 windows (fenestrated) * 3 big groin vaults

* **Frigidarium, Baths of Diocletian** * 3rd century - Roman art * now church of Santa Maria degli Angeli * groin vaults, clerestory lighting * shows what frigidarium would've looked like

* **Trajan Decius** * 3rd century - Roman art * only emperor for a few years * depicted with old age * covered with wrinkles * short hair * bags under eyes, lines by nose and mouth * staring a little to the left * psychological portrait * worried expression - anxiety for possibly wondering how much longer they have in power * read emotions through face and eyes * instant of reality

* **Trebonians Gallus** * 3rd century - Roman art * emperor depicted with heroic nudity

* **Ludouisi Battle Sarcophagus** * 3rd century - Roman art * figures on top of each other, crammed together * no figure completely portrayed

* **Sarcophagus of a Philosopher** * 3rd century - Roman art * philosopher sitting in center with two women flanking him

* **Temple of Venus, Baalbek, Lebanon** * 3rd century - Roman art * curved in back * scallops all around on base and roof * cella wall is circular * play of concave and convex forms * circular dome on top * pediment in front of dome * has arch in it * baroque

* **The Tetrarchs** * 3rd century - Roman art * Diocletian planned to reform military, government, and succession * wanted to have 4 leaders - tetrarchy * made of purple stone * 2 groups - each pair hugging each other * _West_ * __one Augustus - Maximian * one Caesar - Constantius Chlorus * _East_ * one Augustus - Diocletian * one Caesar - Galerius * system only worked once * statues very abstract * shows similar faces * represents the tetrarchy

* **Model of the Palace of Diocletian at Split, Croatia** * 3rd century - Roman art * architectural version of tetrarchy

* **Arch of Constantine** * 4th century - Constantine * Constantine defeats Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge, Rome 312 * Constantine had revelation and converted to Christianity - put Christian symbol on shields of army - won battle * **Arch** * emperor on dius - elevated * attendants on either side * is being generous to people * figures are squat and stocky * style is more linear - way of the future

* **Colussus Constantine** * 4th century - Roman art * clean shaven, short hair * aloof expression

* **Coin portraits of Constantine** * 1st coin * profile with beard - Tetrarchy (NOB CAES) * 2nd coin * has no beard and looks younger (PF AVG) * is 3/4 view - looks more like himself * has other elements (horse, staff, armor) * has a shield - depicts wolf with Romulus and Remus * has connection to founding of Rome * helmet has fancy plumes with XP - first 2 letters in the name of Christ * staff looks like a cross - imbedded reference to Christianity * turning point in the world

* **The Synagogue at Dura-Europos, Syria** * 3rd century - Early Christian art * Wall paintings; Samuel annoints David * samuel the prophet annoints King David * linear frontal style * most important figure is the one in the middle with a purple toga, with samuel pointing to him

* **The Domus Church** * 3rd Century - Early Christian art * house church - place where Christians worshipped * house modified for religious uses * initiation ceremony, courtyard

* **The Martyrium** * Place where martyr is buried (person who dies for their beliefs) * **Shrine of St. Peter, Rome** * late 2nd Century - Early Christian art * floor cemetery on sloping floor * layering * tombs looked like houses * one is tomb of St. Peter

* **Catacomb of Saint Peter** * early 4th century - Early Christian art * Catacomb * long tunnels dug underground so they could bury their dead (necropolis) * locupus (recesses) where the bodies are placed in the walls * didn't believe in cremation opened up into cubiculum (chapel area) that housed rituals * last supper occured in one - was last dinner that Christ had with his apostles on his last day before crucifixion. * turned water into wine * started mass * pass bodies/spirits to heaven * St. Peter * The Good Shepard, Jonah, and orants * center figure in circle * christ as the good shepard - looks after "sheep" (followers) and gives his life up for them * lunettes surround circle * depicts the story of Jonah * Jonah was thrown overboard by crewmates and was swallowed by sea monster ("whale") * but he is spit out on the shore - foreshadow to the crucifixion and ressurection of Christ * orant figures in between

* **Old St. Peter's Basilica, Rome** * 4th century - Early Christian art * very big building built by Constantine (imperial size) * built in outskirts of Rome * entry courtyard with surrounding colonnade * inner hall with nave * nave rises up higher to form clerestory * go through propylea into atrium, Nave, transcept, apse * borrowed from Romans - atrium, rectangular room with columns, arches over columns, apse looks like triumphal arch * walking into church is like colonnaded street with triumphal arch at the end

* **Santa Sabina Basilica, Rome** * 5th century - Early Christian art * smaller than St. Peter's * apse at end * clerestory lighting * columns carry arches * flat ceiling * simple side aisles * columns/marble from Roman buildings * spolia - architectural elements taken from building and added to another building

* **Santa Costanza (mausoleum of Constantine's daughter), Rome** * 4th century - Early Christian art * Central plan * circle room with colonnade around it * more colonnade inside - forms ambulatory on outside * inside is area of worship * columns with arches * vaulting - covered in mosaics * framed by border, a lot of vine work * interesting scene - daily life * wagon of grapes pulled by oxen * men stepping on grapes - grape juice coming out of lion head spouts * does not relate to religion * borrowed from ancient reputiore * has vines because of Jesus "I am devine, you are the vines"

* **Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna** * 5th century - Early Christian art * red brick outside with blind arches * imside has marble flooring and mosaics all over the walls and vaults

* **Good Shepherd Mosaic** * 5th century - Early Christian art * christ as good shepherd, motifs

* **The parting of Lot and Abraham mosaic** * 5th Century - Early Christian art * Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome * Grouped figures similar to Trajan's column and minotaur * head clustering * small scale architecture * using Roman stylistic features

* **Sant' Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna** * 6th century - Early Christian art * Christ in center with purple clothes * flanked by apostles * depicts miracle of the loaves and the fishes * christ blesses them to feed thousands of people * apostles holding things with veiled hands * signifies that things are sacred

* **Vatican Vergil Manuscript** * 5th century - Early Christian art * Manuscript with Roman poet Vergil's text on it

* **Rebecca and Eliezer at the well, from Vienna Genesis** * 6th century - Early Christian art * velum prepared with purple wash * shows Genesis * depicts story of Rebecca walking out of Roman town to go to water well * continuous narration - more than one figure of Rebecca to show motion * half naked woman - water spirit, nymph

* **Christ before Pilate, from the Rossano Gospels** * 6th century - Early Christian art * New Testament * purple painted velum * depict final events in Christ's life * Jesus being judged by Roman judge * dramatic scene * jews condeming Jesus * want to free other guy - Porabus (labeled) * want to crucify Jesus

* **Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus** * 4th Century - Early Christian art * Rome * Junius Bassus - wealthy individual * colonnaded facade * Christian and Jewish iconography * example of combining of Christian and Jewish images on Christian art - identifies Christianity's roots in Jewdaism * Adam and Eve take forbidden fruit * old and new testament * old - Gob * new * Christ enthroned - Christ in middle with attendants on either side - like Roman magestrates * We know he's in Heaven because there is a man holding Christ up at the bottom who represents the sky - like on Primaporta Augustus * christ riding on a donkey * looks triumphant, young, like a clean-shaven roman

* **Ivory Diptych of the Symmachi** * 6th century - Early Christian art * traditional priestess with attendant * style

* **Justinian as a World conqueror, ivory** * 6th century - Early Byzantine art * Justinian reclaimed a lot of territory from the Roman Empire * patron of the arts * on a horse * spear in front of litte man - shows conquest * small figures at bottom holding riches * victory figure next to Justinian to crown him * below horse is a figure of the Earth that reaches out to support Justinian * horse has decorative straps - elaborate * indentation with jewels * Justinian wears crown with jewels and has haircut similar to that of Constantine * Christ in heaven offers blessing flanked by 2 victory figures - shows the triumph of christ * Justinian reigns on earth as Christ reigns in heaven * similar to Trajan and Jupiter - continuity

* **Hagia Sophia** * 6th century - Early Byzantine art * Istanbul * Justinian was patron * built by Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletos * minorettes added later * complex building * rectangle on outside and base * top is a dome * half domes on sides * one of the greatest buildings in history * compare to Temple of Fortuna * dome pushes outward * semi-domes and buttresses add support * vast interior * enter in narthex and go through door and space explodes in front of you * eye moves up to dome * central space defined by 4 piers - support * columns in between * many windows all over * including base of dome * clerestory lighting * exterior is square * center is circle * piers define square around circle * half-domes surround larger central area * solves problem of fitting dome on rectangular base * dome on pendentives * allows you to do this * pendentives - triangular spaces between arches that support dome * light inside represents Christ and heavenly Jerusalem * in certain light, supports of dome look like they disappear

* **S. Vital, Ravenna** * 6th century - Early Byzantine art * octogonal base * celerestory lighting * Narthex - old entrance * at strange angle * clerestory lighting and regular windows to illuminate apse * piers with columns in between but columns are set back a bit * floor plan resembles a flower - partially closed and partially open * challenge for mosaicists

* **Monastery of St. Catherine** * 6th century - Early Byzantine art * Mount Sinai, Egypt * virgin of child enthroned * icon - portable work of art painted (encaustic) on wood * theory - want to represent stuff unlike our world/beyond out realm * space - can't measure space between angels and Mary * light - eminates from within, light and shadows don't work right * weight - feet are not completely flat on the ground * time - eternal, outside of time * only good materials used * people were worried that they were worshipping the pictures (the wood and paint) * but you worship the realm behind the painting not the painting itself * matter is noble because God enobled matter

* **Ascension of Christ, Rabbula Gospels** * 6th century - Early Byzantine art

* **Monastery of Hosios Loukas** * 843 - 1204 - Middle Byzantine art * Phocis, Greece * dome with windows * apses * go into Narthex and then space opens up to dome * **Dome on squinches** - * filled extra space in corners * mosaics inside, support dome * piers have mosaics * hierarchial scheme * ideal iconography * hierarchial cosmos (3 zones) * topography * liturgical calendar * Apse - Mary and Christ child * the "bridge" between piers and God and humanity * squinch space * nativity scene - birth of christ * Jesus being baptized by John the Baptist

* **Church of the Dormition** * 843-1204 - Middle Byzantine art * Daphni, Greece * Christ as Pantokrator * Christ depicted as bearded man, look formidable * holding book (gospel) * looking down - keeping eye on you

* **The Rise of Islam** * Islam started by Muhammed * participated in caravan trade in Middle East * Mecca - city wit polytheistic religion and idol worhip * Muhammed had visions and revelations about new religion and god * hijra in 622 - flight from Mecca to Medina * Muhammed and his followers forcefully took Mecca * 640 - Syria was conquered * 642 - Muslim conquest of N. Africa * Islam spread rapidly with a lot of new territory * Mecca - center of Islamic world * Kaaba - cubi structure used for worship * physical focus Muslims worship at * Jihad - visit to Mecca * Islam - surrend to God * **5 Pillars of Faith** * accept confession of faith - only 1 God and Mohammed is messanger of God * daily prayer to God while facing Mecca * Charitable giving * fasting during the daylight hours of Ramadan * make jihad to Mecca

* **Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem** * 7th through 9th century - Islamic art * Political statement by Muslims for conquering Jerusalem * located on Temple mount in Jerusalem * where Jewish temple was located * only outer wall left over * first Islamic major building * rock underneath it - rock which Abraham almost sacrificed Isaac * marks important religious spot * derives some characteristics from Christian church (tries to surpass that religion) * gateway * ceramic tiles with Arabic writing - no figural representation on any religious art and architecture * blind arcade (series of arches (blind) on each out wall) * dome on top - gold * inside * octogonal base * 2 ambulatories * pattern of piers and columns - pier, 3 columns, pier... * wall mosaics * clerestory lighting - at base of dome * alternating color of stories * marble veneer on pier * floor plan * octogonal base * pier in each corner of octogon * The house of Mohammed and the development of the mosque * Mohammed leads followers in prayer in house setting - led to creation of mosque * the muezzin and the call to prayer * the sahn for ablutions * the qibla wall with is mihrab (nitch in wall) and nearby minbar - stairway

* **Great Mosque, Damascus, Syria** * 7th through 9th century - Islamic art * very large structure with 3 minarets * large courtyard in front * floor plan * axial approach * courtyard * mosaic on wall surfaces * vegetative decoration on front wall * mosaic - roman-like columns, piers, arches * inside - no elaborate furniture * many rugs placed around * no shoes allowed * architecture divides interior into three different sections

* **Great Mosque, Kairouan, Tunisia** * 7th - 9th century - Islamic art * courtyard in front - large arch facing Mecca * same on three sides but deeper on 4th * Hypostyle hall - uses a lot of columns and arches * entry dome over entryway * nave way leading up to other dome

* **Minaret of the Great Mosque, Samarra, Iraq** * 7th-9th century * not much else is left over except for minaret * spiral staircase

* **Great Mosque at Cordoba, Spain** * 7th-9th century * add sections as population grows * like Islam expanding * elaborate entrance * 2 dimensional * inlaid * black and red * horseshoe shaped arch * arches supported by columns abstract decoration * overlapping arches - for eye to look at * interior * arches with alternating white and red stone * supported by columns * lower arches (2 layers total) * seems as if it's open to sky * Mihrab * in front is maqsura * fancy arches (emulate clouds) * dome over mihrab * a lot of geometry * square frame with squinch-like formations * interior is octogon

* **Friday Mosque at Isfahan, Iran** * 11th-17th century - Islamic art * open courtyard leads into mosque * recesses in wall - iwan * opens up space

* **Umayyad Palace, Mshatta, Jordan** * 7th-9th century - Islamic art * mosque incorporated inside palace * exterior - geometric design with intricate bowl/flower designs * some animal figures - not relgious part

* **Pyxis of al-Mughira, near Cordoba, Spain** * 7th-9th century - Islamic luxury arts * container for small items made of ivory * animal figures * human figures - not sacred object

* **Koran Page, ink and gold on vellumn** * 7th-9th century - Isamic luxury art * arabic written on it * decorative letters

* **Dish with proverb from Nishapur, Iran** * 7th-9th century - Islamic luxury art * arabic proverb on white plate - great contrast "knowledge is bitter at first but is them sweeter than honey"

* **Alhambra, Granada, Spain** * 14th-18th century - Later Islamic art * later period * elaborate palace * Islamic paradise * antithesis of sand and heat * oasis of water and vegetation * go from one courtyard to the next with flowers * Muqarnas dome * honeycomb like consistency - deteriorates * Muqarnas decoration * court of the lions * thin columns surrounding fountain with lions around it.

* **Mosque of Selim II, Edime, Turkey, Sihan (architect)** * 14th-18th century - Later Islamic art * circular based dome * 8 columns for support * large niche for mihrab * similar to Hagia Sophia - competing against it * more of a central plan * outside looks very similar to Hagia Sophia * interior * inside is unified and open * striped arches * bright interior * hanging lights relatively low * low other worldy feeling * upper galleries

* **Purse lid, from Sutton Hoo ship burial** * 600-800 Early Medieval art - before Charlemagne * Suffolk, England * purse didn't last * abstract decoration, geometry * linear decoration * lines intertwining - forms shape of animal * animal interlace * center - 2 birds - abstract * humans (abstract) flanking the birds * technique * gold edges create units that pieces of jewels fill * cloissoné: highly decorated piece

* **Animal Head, from Oseberg, Norway, ship burial** * 600-800 - Early Medieval art - Before Charlemagne * mast animal head elborated with abstract interlace * geometry between nose and eyes

* **Wood-carved portal of the stave church at Urnes** * 600-800 - Early Medieval art - Before Charlemagne * transition piece for when people in the area became Christians * interlace (mostly abstract but with animal at bottom) * not overtly Christian

* **Man (symbol of St. Matthew) Book of Durrow** * 600-800 - Early Medieval art - Before Charlemagne * Christian image of St. Matthew * people still hold onto older stylistic lineage * compare to Paris Psalter * some depictions are overtly classic and other are not

* **Cruciform page, from the Lindisfarne Gospels** * 600-800 - Early Medieval art - Before Charlemagne * a lot of interlace and geometry * edges overlapping squares * amazing interlace * many small beaks and eyes - animal interlace * done by monks in monasteries (vellum and paint) * religious motive - sacred object

* **Saint Matthew, from the Lindisfarne Gospels** * 600-800 - Early Medieval art - Before Charlemagne * has symbol of Matthew (man/angel) * Matthew writing in book * person peeking in from behind curtain * latin for Matthew's name * Greek lettering at the top * in between classical and non classical * classical proportions * linear forms inlike classicalism * St. Matthew is very compartmentalized * many outlines and shapes

* **Chi-Rho page, from the Book of the Kells** * 600-800 - Early Medieval art - Before Charlemagne * filled up with Christ's name * many designs fill spaces around it * elaborate interlace * small animals depicted at bottom * cats and mice * virtuoso aspect - not related to Christianity

* **Equestrian Statue of Charlemagne, from Metz, Germany** * 9th century - Early Medieval art - Carolingian art * Charlemagne crowned first christian Roman Emperor on Christmas day * statue very similar to that of Roman Emperor * Charlemagne wanted to revive Roman Empire with Christianity * also wanted to revive learning * brought in a lot of scholars and books * capital at Aachen, Germany

* **Palace Chapel of Charlemagne at Aachen, Germany** * 9th century - Early Medieval art - Carolingian art * Odo of Metz - architect * central plan * octagonal base * similar to San Vitale * arches with galleries * strong arches - alternating colors of stone * 3 arches - Trinity * conscious borrowing of older designs * upper level gallery had throne where Charlemagne watched mass

* **St. Matthew from the Coronation Gospels** * 9th century - Early Medieval art - Carolingian art * Aachen, Germany * made for Charlemagne's coronation * style is very classical * Christian context (halo) * St. Matthew writing in book * classical elements * space: like real visual space (book stand blocks left leg) * proportions are accurate * details are classical * right shoulder connects to neck * garments/drapery have classical folds * compare to book of Dorrow

* **St. Matthew from the Ebbo Gospels** * 9th century - Early Medieval art - Carolingian art * France * very energetic * very focused * energized because he is inspired by the holy spirit * aggitated brush strokes (drapery) (landscape - winged figure in upper right corner is the inspiration) * Medusa-like hair

* **Utrecht Psalter, Reims, France** * 9th century - Carolingian art * psalter (psalm book) * in latin * references to buildings and walls * have text near picture - go together

* **Front cover of the Lindau Gospels** * 9th century - Early Medieval art - Carolingian art * gospel book * image of christ on the cross - what book will be about * cross divides gold zone into 4 units (geometric design) * angelic figures * Mary, John * gems set into sections on border

* **Schematic plan for a monastery at St. Gall Switzerland** * 9th century - Early Medieval art - Carolingian art * plan model for everything needed to build monastery * drawn on parchment * what you need: * church * living quarters * cemetery dining area * library * garden * farm * bakery * brewery * cooper barrel maker

* **Westwork, abbey church, Corvey, Germany** * 9th century - Early Medieval art - Carolingian art * double spires - towers on either end * frontal arch - eternal

* **Nave of the church of Saint Cyriakus, Gernrode, Germany** * 10th century - Early Medieval art - Ottonian art * similar to Santa Sabina * basilican form * wooden flat roof * clerestory lighting * apse at end * different to Santa Sabina * Sabina has 2 arch level support structure * church as 3 level support structure (nave elevation) * gallery below clerestory lighting * will continue in the future * alternating column and pier structure

* **Saint Michael's, Hildesheim, Germany** * 10th century - Early Medieval art - Ottonian art * a lot of different architectural forms (exterior) * striped arch (Islamic-like) * 2 part elevation

* **Bronze Doors of Bishop Bernward, St. Michael's** * 10th century - Early Medieval art - Ottonian art * read from bottom-up on left to top-down on right * Genesis: the creation of Eve * Adam recovering from losing rib * Eve standing nearby * God working over Adam * God pushing Adam towards Eve * The Fall * Eve taking apple * God angry at Adam and Eve * Adam blames Eve * Eve blames snake (devil) * thrown out of paradise and have to work

* **The Crucifix of Archbishop Gero, for the Cologne Cathedral** * 10th century - Early Medieval art - Ottonian art * 6ft tall * largest work sculpture in a while * painted with gold * shows christ suffering * evokes emotion

* **Jesus Washing the Feet of Peter, from the Gospel Book of Otto III** * 10th century - Early Medieval art - Ottonian art * available to elites (monks, emperor) * Ottonian style * important - ending of redemption story * Christ has introduced eucharist * 11 apostles getting feet washed by Jesus * shocked apostles because slave normally wash people's feet * Christ is setting an example for others

* **Annunciation to the Shepherds** * 10th century - Early Medieval art - Ottonian art * Reichenau, Germany * contorted posture similar to that of Adam and Eve from bronze door * drapery and proportions different from classical style * compartmentalized shapes - purse lid * theologically important - beginning of redemption

* **St. Etienne, Vignory** * 11th- first half of 12th century - Romanesque art - France * 3 part nave elevation * round arches * wooden ceiling * large permanent seats * priest raised up amd is moved closer to audience * clerestory lighting * lowest nave level - piers * second nave level - pier, column pattern - pier changes to large round column part way down - more complicated * third nave level -round arch windows * exterior * 3 roofing levels for side chapels and altar * well articulated * compare to exterior of Santa Sabina * clearly articulated arch inside - connects nave to apse * mystical quality through open apse

* **St. Sernin, Toulouse** * 11th - first half of 12th century - Romanesque art - France * definintive cross shape * large facade, nave, seecondary roof line, tertiary roof line - two side aisles * lighting from windows in second aisle and side walls. * chapels at end - complex expression * nave leading up to crossing and then apse * several radiating chapels at the end - supports practice of worshipping various saints - containted relics (pieces of the saint's bodies or pocessions) * interior * very long view * compound piers on sides - go all the way up to the ceiling - capitals at top of piers * barrel vaulting in ceiling * nave arcade and gallery * side aisle * groin vaults * 2 side aisle units together = width of nave

* **Abbey church of St. Pierre, Moissac; cloister** * 11th - first half 12th century - Romanesque art - France * wide door with lintel over it * so wide it needs support in middle * scalloped jambs on either side of door * support in center - trumeau * lintel, tympanum, archivolts, voussoirs

* **Cloister at St. Pierre, Moissac** * 11th - first half of 12th century - Romanesque art - France * private area for Monks to walk around, pray, relax...etc. * columns and arches and carvings all along side * piers in corners * relief sculpture with Romanesque arch depicted * man fits inside arch perfectly - 2D

* **Abbey Church at Cluny (Cluny III)** * 11th - first half of 12th century - Romanesque art - France * biggest medieval church in Europe * nave vaults rising up to 100 feet * strove to push it as high as they could * slightly pointed arches * 3 part nave elevation; second part is blind * elaborate altar, chapel area * most is torn down now

* **Abbey church of Notre Dame, Fontenay** * 11th - first half of 12th century - Romanesque art - France * sisturnian order - very bare and simple * 1 level nave arcade * pointed vaults * altar is simple

* **Speyer Cathedral** * 11th-12th centuries - Romanesque art - Germany * 2 level nave arcade * square bays covered with groin vaults

* **Sant' Ambrogio** * 11th-12th century - Romanesque art - Italy * Milan * church proper with 2 towers * central ailse with nave * open area that looks like Roman atrium with columns supporting arches * pavement divided into verticals and crossways like the bays * harmony * 3 arches lower and upper part of building * trinity * piers connect to pavement design * groin vault - rib groin vault - give better support

* **Pisa** * 11th-12th century - Romanesque art - Italy * Baptistery * religions - baptism is very important - entry into Christianity * made of white stone * blind arches at base * elaborate design at top * arches stand in front of walls * font, elaborate pulpit * Cathedral * facade * open arcade - light, lacey feeling (light and shadows) 5 units * Campanile (bell tower) Leaning Tower of Pisa * 8 units open arcade * rises to a little over height of cathedral * soil is uneven

* **Baptistery of S. Giovanni** * 11th-12th century - Romanesque art - Italy * Cathedral - duomo * place where you become of Florence citizen/member of church * each side (8) has 3 blind arches * central plant, octagonal base * uses stone used in Florentine architecture * patterns look like ancient Roman veneer * Gates of Paradise * baptismal font inside * dark and light colors * San Vineato * in harmony with Baptistery of S. Giovanni * only facade is decorated * interior has columns with arches

* **St. Etienne, Caen, France** * 11th-12th century - Romanesque art - Normandy and England * divided into 3 parts, 2 lateral zones with towers * windows in 3's as well * Tri-elevation * nave arcade rises up into the vaulting * vaulting - experimental * round arches across nave * elaborate vaulting with ribs * 6 compartments

* **Durham Cathedral, Durham England** * 11th-12th century - Romanesque art - Normandy and England * column, compound pier pattern * clerestory lighting * vaulting * columns don't reach vaulting - keep you focused on lower level * more emphasis on horizontal axis than vertical * compound piers are bigger than columns * seven part vaults with groin vaults between each column

* **Bernardus Gelduinus, Christ in Majesty, St. Sernin, Toulouse** * 11th - first half 12th century - Romanesque art * Christ seated on a throne * right arm gesturing out toward us * book open on knee * mandorla surrounds him (full body halo) * figure of 4 evangelists at top and bottom of mandorla - mandorla defines space figure is in * eternal/unchanging presentation * more non classical than classical * space is completely removed * christ is "hovering" on thrown * compartmentalized drapery * thrown divided into arch compartments * no sense of real anatomy * border alternates between circles and diamonds * traced from Greek and Roman molding (bead and reel) * compare to Matthew in coronation gospels

* **Relief of Abbot Durandus - Saint-Pierre, Moissac** * 11th-12th century - Romanesque art * abbot fills space perfectly * bodies take form of space

* **St. Pierre, Moissac, France, South portal, tympanum = Christ in majesty** * 11th - first half of 12th century - Romanesque art * big doorway * general public couldn't read / were literate but they could read the sculpture * designed to influence behavior * go to heaven or hell - shows you what happens * left jamb - St. Peter, St. Paul facing him on left side of Trumeau * right jamb - old testament * old and new testaments support church * Luke 16:19 Dives and Lazareous - left side (bad) * man guilty * monster torturing women * what would happen if you sin * at eye level so people notice it * on top is Dives enjoying food with family * beggar outside (Lazarous) wanting food * dies and angel brings him to heaven and "bossom of Abraham" * Dives dies and monster escorts him to hell * Right side (good) * baby Jesus born, Mary and Joseph protecting Jesus * scalloped edges surrounding doors * characteristics of sculpture * intense expression * unbridaled fantasy * agility of figures * Front of Trumeau * animals stacked on each other, like together * animal interlace - not Christian, like precarolingian * timeless * old testament prophet fit into space * long hair, great mustache

* **Saint - Lazare, Autun** * 11th - first half of 12th century - Romanesque art * entrance * open arches on sides * lot of columns * each carries an arch that surrounds tympanum * tympanum * narrative * christ (2nd coming and end of world) in center surrounded by angels * 4 angels playing trumpets signaling end of world * people going to hell on left of christ * christ in mandorla * intense expression and agility * compartmentalized drapery * people rising from graves to be judged * sculptor - Gislebertus (written) * some people from graves carrying bag with shells * pilgrims that worshipped God * others are naked and concerned for judgement * being attacked by monster - connected to specific sins * Peter holding keys * helping small figure up into heaven * angel participating in weighing of souls * monster trying to pull down bad side of person (unsuccessful) * monsters are rigid, open mouthed, claw feet

* **Benedetto Antelami - King David, West facade of Fidenza Cathedral** * 11th - first half of 12th century - Romanesque Classicism * revived statues that are in the round * 3 dimensional * classical drapery * little contropossto * scroll picks up jutting out of hip * weight leg and jutting knee on same leg - unrealistic

* **Renier of Huy - Baptismal font from Notre-Dame-des-fonts** * 11th-first half of 12th century - Romanesque Classicism * good anatomy in figures * classical

* **Christ in Majesty, apse from Santa María de Mur** * 11th- first half 12th century - Romanesque art * Christ in mandorla * 4 evangelists * priests below * theme is designed to move individuals from out world into spiritual world - focuses them * occurs often * permanent/eternal - not narrative * tells a reality

* **Bayeaux Tapestry, from Bayeaux Cathedral** * 11th- first half of 12th century - Romanesque art * wool on linen background - embroidery * tells a story * the Battle of Hastings when William the Conqueror invaded England - changed English * brought french language which was heavily anchored in latin * church, hand of God, people carrying body * "Here the body of King Edward is carried to the church" * Battle of Hastings * borders * many figural positions * most Roman-like work in Romanesque period

* **Amiens Cathedral** * 1140 - 1300 - Gothic France * large central portal * side portals - aisles * 2 towers associated with aisles * center and top is Rose window * made of stained glass * light passes through window and creates colors on the inside * openness with arcades * towers dematerialized with pointed arches * pointed arches are the norm * more radiating chambers - more elaborate * long axis; groin vaulting * projections on sides - buttresses * 144 feet tall in Nave * 4 part vaulting * greater emphasis on drawing eye up to top with columns * 3 levels - nave arcade, triforium, clerestory * openness between nave and aisles is more noticable * architecture is light/open * triforium isn't open to outside but to roof * piers buttresses help keep building up * flying buttresses allow clerestory lighting * dematerializes wall surfaces * vaults - ribbed groin vaults with piers supporting it * openess of space is due to using pointed arches * can't see the support on the inside * people struck by the lightness on the inside * flying buttresses dematerialized and not solid * end of apse = chevée

* **St. Denis** * 1140 - 1300 - Gothic France * Abbot Suger wanted to expand Carolingian church * bottom is very Romanesque * as facade rises there is a rose window * abbey * apse with radiating chapels * no walls in between radiating chapels * open area with interesting vaulting * beginning of Gothic architecture * space is defined by columns/openness and not walls

* **Chartres Cathedral** * 1140 - 1300 - Gothic France * example of early Gothic and high Gothic styles * a lot more material used for support than Amiens because they were not sure if it would hold up * royal portal - entrance that has images of kings and queens of France * 3 portals with pointed arches * statues on columns - west end * figures relate to columns because they retainted long, slender nature of columns * drapery looks like fluting on columns * similar to archaic style * compartmentalized drapery * great details * south portal * figures on columns are breaking away from column shape * more of a human representation - more classical * some have contropossto * inside * 129 feet tall * best stained glass in Gothic cathedrals * central figure on red background with blue background surrounding * many sitting with christ child * angels surrounding them * same figure in center of the rose window * given by Blanche of Castille

* **Laon Cathedral** * 1140-1300 - Gothic France * Amiens is almost twice as tall * 6 part vaulting scheme * nave arcade, triforium, clerestory - 4 levels * columnettes start at the top of column capitals * alternating support systems * rounded arches * rose windows

* **Notre-Dame, Paris** * 1140-1300 - Gothic France * columns with colonnettes starting at capitals * nace arcade, triforium, rose window, clerestory * 4 part elevation in front * 3 part elevation for the rest of it * gargoyles that spit water * Madonna and Child * dressed like queen of France * takes classical style and pushes it * more S shaped curve although no contropossto * late Gothic * compare

* **Reims Cathedral** * 1140-1300 - Gothic France * late Gothic style * sculpture - attached to column but not influenced by them * younger woman talking to older woman with gesturing - the visitation of Mary to her cousin * talking in intimate way

* **Sainte-Chapelle, Paris** * 1140 - 1300 - Gothic France * barely a wall - covered mostly by stained glass * walls are almost completely eliminated * exterior * doesn't need flyers because it's so small

* **Bible Moralisé Illumination** * 1140-1300 - Gothic France * God as creater of the world * God portrayed like an architect * holds a straight edge and compass * brings order and control * figures look more human - compare to classical * right foot steps outside of frame

* **Blanche of Castille, Louis IX, and two monks, moralized bible** * 1140-1300 - Gothic France * Vienna * portrayed in architecture frame * 2 registers * trefoil frames * bottom register - monks making manuscript * top register - King and Queen

* **Psalter of Saint Louis, from Paris** * 1140 - 1300 - Gothic France * Abraham and wife and angels * 2 scenes split in middle - continuous narrative * similar to scene in San Vitale * architectural frame of Gothic style * elaborate border and ornamentation - interlace pattern - animal interlace

* **Salisbury Cathedral** * 1220 - 1520 - Gothic England * east end in flat - linear construction * longer trancept in middle * smaller on behind that * tower with spire on top * not as elaborate buttresses * cloister and chapel house * surrounded by green * only a few buttresses * facade - screens off rest of cathedral * projects out farther than side aisles * no rose window - but 3 tall, pointed lancet windows * portal down below - 3 in central area, 2 on sides * facade doesn't relate to interior * more horizontality than verticality * facade split into 5 zones * Richard Poore, Bishop of Salisbury * bishop when cathedral was started * dressed in clerical robes and head gear and had staff * shepherd staff * carrying model of Salisbuty Cathedral in right hand * compare to visitation on Reims and Chartres * compare to Romanesque and early gothic sculptures * nave and side aisles are very open * clerestory lighting * pointed arches * pointed window * 3 part elevation * horizontality on interior * compound piers - vertical columns only go to top of nave arcade and not to the vaulting * grayish marble carries eye down nave arcade * lower part of arches in triforium is dark gray as well * cloister - strong piers with motifs that look like windows * pointed arch * on top is circular shape and 2 lancet shapes below * form is picked up higher on wall * different marble colors * blind set of arches on wall across from arches * chapel house - octagonal shape * lots of windows - illumination * central column rising up - links to vaulting and windows * Magna Carta is stored here

* **Gloucester Cathedral, Choir** * 1220 - 1520 - Gothic England * very elaborate * flat east end * perpendicular style - emphasizes vertical * central window has many divisions and lancet shapes * elements/columns rise all the way to vaulting * each compound piers "explode"/expand into vaulting * rib vaulting covered by decoration * tomb picks up on verticality * elements rise up * sculpture of deceased king on tomb

* **Westminster Abbey - Chapel of Henry VII** * 1220-1520 - Gothic England * perpendicularity of compound piers * vaulting is super elaborate * intricate webs - stalagtite-like things hanging down

* **Cologne Cathedral, Cologne** * 1180 - 1280 - Gothic Germany * French model being used in Germany * vertical emphasis * 4 part vaulting * looks very gothic * construction went of for 600 years

* **Saint Elizabeth, Marburg, Germany** * 1180 - 1280 - Gothic Germany * Hallenkirche * nave vault and side aisles rise to same height * no elevation, no clerestory lighting

* **Death of the Virgin, tympanum, Strasbourg Cathedral, Strasbourg, France** * 1180 - 1280 - Gothic Germany * figures are gothic - look very human * doesn't represent actual scripture scene - what it would be like * Mary is on her death bed and attended by the aspostles and Mary Magdalene - focused gesture * in order to fit space, taller apostles are in middle and shorter ones are on sides * all apostles and christ are looking at Mary * Christ holding Mary's soul (little statue)

* **Naumburg Cathedral, Naumburg** * 1180 - 1280 - Gothic Germany * **Ekkehard and Uta** * life size statues * represented as significant people * paint/color still survives - example of what kind of paintings were on statues * attached to architectural element * Ekkehard looks "well fed" - status/condition of age * carries shield and sword * lifts up strap of shield * Uta is wearing voluminous cloak and warm head gear * right arm under cloak with form revealed * free hand pulls cloak toward her - looks real/soft * "keeps" herself aloof from lower class subjects * looks cold * cloak is red and green * very subtly painted

* **Klosterneuburg Altar, Nicholas of Verdun** * 1180 - 1280 - Gothic Germany * work of guilded copper and enamel with old and new testament stories * architectural forms on scenes * Abraham about to sacrifice Isaac * compartmentalized sections like that of Ottonian art

* **Shrine of the Three Kings, Nicholas of Verdun** * 1180 - 1280 - Gothic Germany * reliquary - place to keep relics * architectural form * sloping roof, nave * columns supporting arches * ends * Mary sitting with kings, decorated with jewels * high relief figures * figures on sides lean out to look into next compartments

* **Orvieto Cathedral (Duomo)** * 14th century - Gothic Italy * facade by Lorenzo Maitani * screen standing in front of rest of building * towers on edge * inlaid designs * mosaic elements * Details * colonnettes have spiral design with great detail and inlay work * interior * simple roof like early Christian buildings * striped columns * small windows * Romanesque * only facade is Gothic

* **Santa Croce, Florence** * 14th century - Gothic Italy * simple roof structure * pointed arches * pointed windows at end * no high vaulting * nothing rises from floor to ceiling * horizontal element wraps around entire interior

* **Florence Cathedral (Duomo)** * 14th century - Gothic Italy * doesn't strive for verticality but is enormous * long construction period * has huge dome * outward walls are thick to counteract the thrust from the dome * small windows on sides * nave divided into 4 zones * only 4 bays leading up to apse * bay in the nave is twice as large as the side bays * Dome by Filippo Brunelleschi

**Annunciation, Nativity, Adoration of the Shepherds - Nicola Pisano** * 14th century - Gothic Italy * from the Pulpit, Baptistery, Pisa * grand colonnaded structure * columns rise up to corinthian captials * eagle (book stand) on top * everything packed in Mary interacting with angel Gabriel * Mary gives birth to baby Jesus * takes up entire center - reclining * animals in right bottom corner * baby's first bath * angel is addressing Mary in stately fashion - classical - like roman figure - garments flip up * Mary is taken aback * Mary evokes style of Greek goddesses * Nicola works in a style that evokes classical Greek art

* **Annunciation, Nativity, Adoration of the Shepherds - Giovanni Pisano** * 14th century - Gothic Italy * from the Pulpit in Sant' Andrea, Pistoia * son of Nicola Pisano * evokes characteristics of Hellenistic era * more emotion * angel Gabriel's leg rises and head inclines/sticks out * Mary seems to step back more * Mary reaches out to baby - tenderness between mother and child * lady tests water for baby's bath - shows realistic quality * Joseph's head projects out and is thinking

* **Madonna Enthroned - Cimabue** * 14th century - Gothic Italy * Florence * painting on panel * Tempera * painted in the Byzantine style * devoid of space in our world * light is emanating from within * overlapped angels but it doesn't create illusion of space * all eyes visible - no profile - make contact to holy images * no sense of solid woman in throne * Giotto's is very different

* **Madonna and Child Enthroned - Giotto** * 14th century - The Renaissance Begins * changes with light, weight, and inward extension * light comes from top right * light strikes back and shoulder of angels on right and chest of angels on left * uses light to model figures * angels are in profile * depth * throne has depth to it * angels overlap and they look like they are receeding with distance * **Chiaroscuro** - combination of light and dark in a composition * weight - Mary looks like she is sitting in chair * Renaissance - Humanistic approach

* **Madonna Enthroned, center of Maestá Altarpiece - Duccio** * 14th century - The Renaissance Begins * influence of Giotto * Mary is definitely sitting - light hits her knee * goods were coming in from other countries * lots of silks and rich fabrics/textiles * portrayed in painting - real textures

* **Effects of Good Government - Ambrogio Lorenzetti** * 14th century - The Renaissance Begins * fresco on a wall * protrays a contemporary city - modeled on Siena * walls city * effects of good government inside city walls and outside in country * everything is going along harmoniously * people and animals * logia provides coverage over people discussing * women holding hands/dancing * people bringing in produce from country * countryside * people heading out of city into countryside * fields in the distance * people crossing over safe bridge * sheep in distant hills * people carrying things into city * guy carrying in special type of pig that almost went extinct * cinta senese

* **Arena Chapel, Padua** * 14th century - The Renaissance Begins * small chapel with interior decorated by Giotto * located in ancient arena/amphitheater * no windows - completely frescoed by Giotto * scenes from the life of Virgin Mary and Jesus * very small

* **Lamentation - Giotto - Arena Chapel** * 14th century - The Renaissance Begins * saddest scene in life of christ * touches upon human reactions * drama of what's going * 2 zones - heaven above and Earth below * angles in sky show sorrow * death is a theme - death tree, jutting rock * dramatic center - Mary holding the dead Jesus * John is a "human arrow" * Mary Magdalene leans in * faces have dramatic expressions/real human emotions * 2 women have their back to us * we become part of the painting by "entering" gap between the two women

Etruscan - End Flashcards

(178 cards)