1
Q
What Treaty established the European Coal and Steel Community? And what year was it signed?
A
The Treaty of Paris (1951)
2
Q
What Treaty established the European Economic Community (EEC)? And what year was it signed?
A
The Treaty of Rome (1957/1958)
3
Q
What Treaty established the internal marked?
A
The Treaty of Rome
4
Q
What is commonly referred the “four freedoms”?
A
The free movement of goods, services, capital and workers
5
Q
What Treaty emerged the ECS, ECC and EURATOM? And what year was it signed?
A
The Merger Treaty (1965)
6
Q
What is commonly referred to as the “empty chair crisis”?
A
The Empty Chair Crisis (1965–1966) occurred when Charles de Gaulle withdrew France from European Economic Community meetings to oppose expanded supranational powers. It ended with the 1966 Luxembourg Compromise, which effectively granted member states a veto over vital national interests.
7
Q
Which Treaty created the European Union? And what year was it signed?
A
The Treat of Maastricht? (1992/1993)
7
Q
What was the purpose of the Single European Act? And what year was it signed?
A
The Single European Act (1986) aimed to complete the internal market by 1992 and streamline decision-making within the European Communities, while strengthening the European Parliament.
8
Q
Highlight three major achievements of the Treaty of Maastricht?
A
- Laid the route for the creation of the Euro
- Introduced the principle of subsidiarity
- Most decisions within the Council are taken by qualified majority.
9
Q
What is the principle of subsidiarity?
A
Subsidiarity means that the EU will act “only if and in so far as
the objectives of the proposed action cannot be sufficiently
achieved by the Member States.
10
Q
What was the main purpose of the Treaty of Amsterdam? And what year was it signed?
A
The Treaty of Amsterdam (1997/1999) amended the founding treaties of the European Union to make its institutions more efficient and democratic in preparation for eastern enlargement. It expanded the EU’s role in justice and home affairs, strengthened the powers of the European Parliament, and increased the use of qualified majority voting.
11
Q
What was the main purpose of the Treaty of Nice? And what year was it signed?
A
The Treaty of Nice (2001/2003) reformed the institutional structure of the European Union to prepare it for large-scale eastern enlargement. It reallocated voting weights in the Council, adjusted the composition of the Commission and Parliament, and expanded qualified majority voting to improve decision-making efficiency.
12
Q
What does Article 7 of TEU say?
A
Article 7 allows for an EU Member State to have its membership rights, such as its voting
rights in the Council of the EU, suspended (although it cannot be expelled) if that country
breaches the founding EU principles (Article 2 of TEU)
13
Q
How many countries are needed to use “Enhanced cooperation”? What is an example of “Enhanced Cooperation”?
A
A minimum of 9 countries is needed.
The Schengen agreement is an example.
14
Q
What is the “Decision-making Triangle” EU?
A
The EU’s “Decision-making Triangle” refers to the three core institutions that jointly produce EU legislation: European Commission (initiates legislation),
European Parliament (co-legislates and amends), and
Council of the European Union (represents member state governments and co-legislates).
15
Q
What was the purpose of the Treaty of Lisbon? When was it signed and when did it enter into force?
A
The Treaty of Lisbon (2007/2009) amended the founding treaties of the European Union to enhance institutional efficiency, democratic accountability, and coherence after enlargement. It created a permanent President of the European Council, strengthened the European Parliament, expanded qualified majority voting, and gave the EU a single legal personality. It also made the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union legally binding.
16
Q
What is the executive body of the EU?
A
The European Commission
17
Q
The Presidency of which European Union institution is held on six-monthly rotation.
A
The Council of the European Union. (Article 16(9) of the TEU)
18
Q
What is the European Ecolabel
A
A voluntary scheme encouraging businesses to market products and services that meet environmental criteria set by the EU.
19
Q
Which EU legal principle did the Van Gend en Loos case introduce to EU Law?
A
Direct effect of EU law within the legal systems of EUMS.
20
Q
Which article to the TEU empowers the European Council and Council of the EU to take decision in the field of CSDP?
A
Article 42 - these decision are almost always taken by unanimity.
21
Q
According to Article 3 TFEU, the EU has “exclusive competence” in certain fields of EU policy. These fields include?
A
Customs union, internal market, monetary policy for Euro countries, conservation of marine biological resources under the common fisheries policy and common commercial policy.
22
Q
Why is the Common foreign and Security policy (CFSP) considered a sui generis competence of the EU?
A
The CFSP is defined as a sui generis competence in Art 2(4) TFEU, characterised as neither
exclusive, nor shared, nor supplementary. The CFSP will not
affect the responsibilities of the Member States for the formulation and conduct of their
foreign policy; while bound by decisions taken and subject to the loyalty clause (Arts 4(3) and
24(3) TEU), they thus retain full competence to act.
23
Q
How much do EU countries account for out of the world’s total imports and exports?
A
16 %
24
What is Next Generation EU?
NextGenerationEU is a temporary €750 billion European Union recovery instrument launched in 2020 to support member states’ economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and accelerate the green and digital transitions.
25
What is the Recovery and Resilience facility?
The Recovery and Resilience Facility is the European Union’s central financial instrument under NextGenerationEU, providing grants and loans to member states to support economic recovery, structural reforms, and investments aligned with the green and digital transitions.
26
What is a Council configuration?
It is each of the technical formation of ministers, of which there are 10 in total
27
What is the Consultation Procedure?
The Consultation procedure is an EU legislative process in which the Council adopts legislation after formally consulting the European Parliament—whose opinion is required but not legally binding. Applies in specific policy areas defined by the EU Treaties—primarily in fields such as taxation, competition law exemptions, certain aspects of social policy, and some areas of internal market and external relations
28
Which institution can, acting by qualified majority, establish a list of configurations in which the Council of the EU meets?
European Council
29
According to Article 6 of TFEU, the EU has competence to support, coordinate or supplement MS actions in which fields?
Education, vocational training, youth and sport policy.
30
Which EU agency hosts the European counter terrorism centre?
Europol
31
What does the European Climate Law Regulation stipulate in relation to reaching climate neutrality?
EUMS commits to cutting net greenhouse gas emissions in the EU by at least 55 % by 2030, compared to 1990 levels.
32
What are the GNI-based contribution?
Representing more than 70 % of EU revenue, and is based on a % of EUMS GNI
33
What does article 107 of the TFEU seek to prohibit?
State aid
34
What is the Fit for 55 package?
Fit for 55 is the European Union’s 2021 legislative package designed to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels, aligning EU law with its climate neutrality target.
35
How many representatives is the EU's Court of Auditor composed of?
One representative per member state
36
What is EU primary law?
EU primary law consists of the founding treaties—principally the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union—along with their protocols and amendments, which form the constitutional basis of the European Union.
37
What is EU Secondary law?
EU secondary law consists of legal acts adopted by the EU institutions—such as regulations, directives, decisions, recommendations, and opinions—on the basis of the Treaties, which give concrete effect to the Union’s primary law.
38
Describe the Consent and Consultation Procedures? What are they collectively referred to as?
The Council of the EU is, in practice, the sole legislator. Consent: The European Parliament has the power to accept or reject but cannot amend a proposal. Consultation: the European Parliament may approve, reject, or propose amendments to a legislative proposal but the Council of the EU is not bound by it.
39
Through what legislative procedure is the European parliament involved in the adoption of competition policy legislation?
The consultation procedure.
40
What is the objective of the REPowerEU plan?
To phase out Russian fossil fuel imports in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
41
Which EU legislative procedure is used for adopting new legislation on combating discrimination?
The consent procedure
42
How many principles doe the EU Pillar of Social Rights have?
20
43
What is the European Semester?
The European Semester is the European Union’s annual cycle of economic and fiscal policy coordination through which Member States align their budgetary, macroeconomic, and structural policies with EU rules and priorities.
44
What is the EU Emissions Trading System?
The EU Emissions Trading System is the European Union’s cap-and-trade carbon market that sets a limit on greenhouse gas emissions from covered sectors and allows companies to buy and sell emission allowances to meet reduction targets cost-effectively.
45
What are the 7 headings of the 2021-2027 multiannual financial framework?
1. Single market, innovation and digital 2. Cohesion, resilience and values 3. Natural resources and environment 4. Migration and border management 5. Security and Defence 6 Neighbourhood and the world 7. European public administration
46
How long do national parliaments normally have to examine whether an EU draft legislative act respects the subisidary principle?
8 weeks
47
Which legislative procedure is used for adopting association agreements and agreements governing accession to the EU?
Consent procedure
48
What is the EU's Generalized Scheme of Preferences?
It removes import duties from products coming into the EU market from vulnerable developing countries
49
What does Article 102 of the TFEU seek to do?
Prohibit the abuse of a dominant position
50
What are the three key tasks of the European Economic and Social Committee?
1) ensure that EU policy and law are geared to economic and social conditions, by seeking a consensus that serves the common good
2) promote a participatory EU by giving workers' and employers' organisations and other interest groups a voice and securing dialogue with them
3) promote the values of European integration, and advance the cause of participatory democracy and civil society organisations
51
What is the role of Eurojust?
The Eurojust supports and coordinates cross-border criminal investigations and prosecutions among EU Member States, particularly in cases involving serious organised crime and terrorism.
52
Why was the EMU Banking Union created?
To pursue deeper integration of EMU banking systems due to the 2008 Financial Crisis and the subsequent Sovereign Debt crisis
53
Which Treaty made the free movement of capital directly applicable as a Treaty Freedom
The Maastricht Treaty (Article 63 of TFEU)
54
In relation to social security and social protection policy, the Council of the EU take decision by?
Unanimity
55
According to Article 288 of the TFEU, which legal act "shall have no binding force"
Recommendation. (A Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable to all Member States; A Directive shall be binding, as to the results to be achieved, upon each Member State to which it is adressed, but shall leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods; A decision shall be binding in its entirety. A decision which specifices those to whom it is adressed shall be binding only on them.; Recommendations and opinions shall have no binding force.)
56
Which EU institution is responsible for deciding on the proposed composition of the Economic and Social Committe
The Council of the European Union
57
What is a European Commission Green Paper?
It is a document intended to stimulate discussion on a given topic at the EU level
58
What is a European Commission White Paper?
A European Commission White Paper is a policy document issued by the European Commission that sets out detailed proposals for EU action in a specific policy area, often following a Green Paper consultation and serving as a basis for legislative initiatives.
59
What happens during the second reading of the OLP when the European Parliament examines and adopts the Council of the European Unions Position?
The Legislative act is adopted and the procedure ends
60
What is the role of the European Parliament regarding trade agreements?
The European Parliament has a veto over trade agreements at the ratification stage when it must give its consent to the conclusion of an agreement with a yes/on vote.
61
How are decisions under the CFSP taken?
Almost exclusively by unanimity (Article 24 TEU)
62
What is the difference between the European Free Trade Area and the European Economic Area
The European Free Trade Association is an intergovernmental trade organisation of four non-EU countries promoting free trade among its members and globally, whereas the European Economic Area extends the EU’s internal market—including free movement of goods, services, capital, and persons—to three EFTA states (Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway).
63
In the competition policy context, what constitutes predation?
Setting prices at a loss-making level (Article 102)
64
What does Article 17 TEU regulate?
It defines the role of the European Commission: Promote the general interest of the Union, ensure application of the Treaties, oversee application of EU law and propose legislation
65
How long is the President of the European Council elected for
2.5 years
66
Where is the European Investment Bank located?
Luxembourg
67
Which Treaty article established the values of the EU?
Article 2 TEU: The Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law
and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. These values are common to
the Member States in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality
between women and men prevail
68
Which Treaty Article establishes the Objectives of the EU?
Article 3 TEU: 1. The Union's aim is to promote peace, its values and the well-being of its peoples. 2. The Union shall offer its
citizens an area of freedom, security and justice without internal frontiers... 3. The Union shall establish an internal
market and work for the sustainable development of Europe...
69
What is the principle of conferral?
The EU principle of conferral, set out in Article 5(2) of the Treaty on European Union, provides that the Union may act only within the limits of the competences conferred upon it by the Member States in the Treaties, with all non-conferred powers remaining with the Member States.
70
What is the principle of subsidiarity?
The EU principle of subsidiarity, set out in Article 5(3) of the Treaty on European Union, provides that in areas of shared competence the Union shall act only if and insofar as the objectives of the proposed action cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States and can be better achieved at Union level.
71
What is the principle of proportionality?
The EU principle of proportionality, set out in Article 5(4) of the Treaty on European Union, requires that the content and form of Union action must not exceed what is necessary to achieve the objectives of the Treaties.
72
What does Article 6 TEU stipulate?
1. The Union recognises the rights, freedoms and principles set out in the Charter of Fundamental Rights... 3.
Fundamental rights, as guaranteed by the ECHR, shall constitute general principles of Union law.
73
Which Treaty article establishes the internal market?
Article 26 TFEU
74
What principle was established through the Cassis de Dijon case?
The mutual recognition principle
75
What is the European Green Deal?
Umbrella political strategy setting the EU’s objective of climate neutrality by 2050.
76
What is the EU Circular Economy Action Plan
* Aims to decouple economic growth from resource use and environmental degradation.
* Focuses on product sustainability, durability, repairability, and recyclability.
77
What are is the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030?
Sets a roadmap to halt biodiversity loss and restore ecosystems by 2030.
78
What is the Farm to Fork Strategy?
* Transforms EU food systems to be environmentally sustainable, economically fair, and health-oriented.
* Addresses pesticide and fertiliser use, organic farming, animal welfare, and sustainable food
consumption.
79
What is thethe Zero Pollution Action Plan?
* Sets EU-wide targets to reduce pollution of air, water, and soil to levels no longer harmful to health and
ecosystems.
80
What is the Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability?
* Seeks to ensure a toxic-free environment for people and ecosystems.
* Promotes safer-by-design chemicals and substitution of hazardous substances.
81
What is the the EU Soil Strategy for 2030?
* Recognises soil as a strategic resource for food security, biodiversity, and climate resilience.
* Promotes soil monitoring, protection, and sustainable land management.
82
What is the Affordable Energy Action Plan?
* Responds to high energy prices affecting households and industry.
* Addresses electricity market functioning, infrastructure bottlenecks, and clean energy deployment.
83
What is the RESourceEU Action Plan?
* Strengthens EU security of supply for critical raw materials.
84
What is the Digital Compass & Path to the Digital Decade?
* Sets concrete EU-wide digital targets for 2030 in four areas: skills, infrastructure, business digitalisation,
and public services.
85
What is the AI Continent Action Plan?
* Aims to accelerate AI development, deployment, and adoption across the EU economy.
* Focuses on computer capacity, investment mobilisation, skills, and industrial uptake.
86
What is the EU Cybersecurity Strategy?
* Covers resilience of critical infrastructure, cyber defence, and international cooperation.
* Promotes EU technological and strategic autonomy in cybersecurity.
87
To date, how many times has the European Parliament voted to reject the European Union budget as a whole?
Two times (1979 and 1984)
88
In specific cases, the ordinary legislative procedure can be launched when the proposal concerns judicial cooperation in criminal matters or police cooperation. How much support much such a launch have?
1/4 of the members states in the Council of the EU
89
What is the following step when a EU MS does not comply with a reasoned opinion for failure to fulfill an obligation under the Treaties within the period laid down?
The matter may go before the Court of Justice of the European Union (article 258 TFEU)
90
What is the role of the European Court of Auditors?
It reviews EU income and spending, to check that EU funds are correctly spent.
91
Who controls that the principle of subsidiarity has been respected?
The national parliaments
92
How much time do the national parliaments have to check whether the principle of subsidiarity has been respected?
Eight weeks
93
What is Action for damages?
The legal procedure that a EU citizen may undertake when they have suffered due to a mistake committed by a member of the EU's staff.
94
Where is Eurojust located?
The Hague
95
Where is the European Chemicals Agency located?
Helsinki
96
Where is the European Food Safety Authority located?
Parma
97
What are the fourt interinstitutional services of the EU?
Computer Emergency Response Team, European School of Administration, EPSO and the Publications Office
98
When does the Council of the European Union take decisions by simple majority?
In procedural matters, such as the adoption of its own rules of procedures and organisation of its secretariat general.
99
Which EU port has the largest activity in terms of the goods handled?
Rotterdam
100
How many accession negotiation chapters have been closed between the EU and Turkey?
None
101
Within what time must the Conciliation Committee within the ordinary legislative process convene?
Six weeks with a possible extension to eight weeks.
102
How long is the mandate of the President and Vice President of the European Court of Justice?
Renewable term of three years
103
What is the Berlin Process?
The EU Berlin Process is a diplomatic initiative launched in 2014 by European Union member states to support regional cooperation, economic integration, and EU accession reforms among the Western Balkan countries.
104
What are the configurations of the Council of Ministers?
There are 10: General Affairs; Foreign Affairs; Economic and Financial Affairs; Justice and Home Affairs; Employment; Social Policy; Health and Consumer Affairs; Competitiveness (Internal Market, Industry, Research and Space); Transport; Telecommunications and Energy; Agriculture and Fisheries; Environment; Education; Youth, Culture, and Sport.
104
In which European cities does the European Parliament hold its "part-sessions"?
Strasbourg and Brussels
105
What are the three pillars of the EU's "Shaping Europe's Digital Future"?
“Shaping Europe’s Digital Future” is a 2020 strategic framework by the European Commission that sets out the European Union’s vision for a digital transformation focused on technological sovereignty, a competitive digital economy, and strong protections for fundamental rights.
106
What is the EU's "European Education Area"?
The European Education Area is an initiative of the European Union aimed at creating a more integrated, inclusive, and high-quality education and training system across member states by promoting mobility, mutual recognition of qualifications, digital and green transitions, and cooperation by 2025.
107
What is a national reform programme within the European Semester?
A document in which a member state outlines its structural reform plan to promote growth and employment.
108
According to the European Parliament's voting procedures, which voting procedure shall apply to texts submitted to the European Parliament plenary session?
First voting on the amendment to the proposal then voting on the text as a whole
109
What is the most common voting procedure within the Council of Ministers?
Qualified Majority voting (around 80 % of all legislation)
110
When requesting that the European Commission undertakes a study, the Council of the European Union votes by what procedure?
Simple Majority
111
What is Global Europe?
Global Europe is the 2021–2027 external financing instrument of the European Union that funds international partnerships, development cooperation, and the promotion of democracy and human rights worldwide.
112
What is Team Europe?
Team Europe is a coordinated approach by the European Union, its member states, and financial institutions to jointly mobilize resources and expertise for external action, particularly in development cooperation and crisis response.
113
What is the purpose of the Dublin Regulation in the field of migration?
Establish which MS is responsible for examining an asylum application
114
What important change did the Treaty of Lisbon introduce to the budgetary procedure?
It removed the distinction between compulsory expenditure and non-compulsory expenditure
115
Who collects the EU's VAT-based own resource? How many percentage does this account for ?
The member states. 10 % of own resource revenue.
116
What is the Renewable Energy Directive?
The EU Renewable Energy Directive is legislation adopted by the European Union that sets binding targets and regulatory frameworks for increasing the share of renewable energy in the EU’s overall energy consumption.
117
What is the amount of plastic waste generated in Europe every year, according to the European Commission?
26 000 000 tonnes
118
Within the EU's Generalised Scheme of Preferences (GSP)
The EU GSP (Generalised Scheme of Preferences) is a trade arrangement of the European Union that grants reduced or zero tariffs on imports from eligible developing countries to support their economic growth and sustainable development.
119
What is the EU GSP+
The EU GSP+ (Special Incentive Arrangement for Sustainable Development and Good Governance) is a component of the European Union’s Generalised Scheme of Preferences that grants additional tariff reductions to vulnerable developing countries that ratify and effectively implement key international conventions on human rights, labour rights, environmental protection, and good governance.
120
What is the the EU Research and Students directive?
Sets common rules for the entry and residence of third-country nationals for research, studies, training, voluntary service, pupil exchange schemes, or educational projects and au pairing within the EU.
121
What are Trans-European networks?
Trans-European Networks (TENs) are EU policy frameworks established by the European Union to develop and interconnect cross-border infrastructure in transport (TEN-T), energy (TEN-E), and digital services (e.g., telecommunications) in order to strengthen the EU’s single market and territorial cohesion.
122
How is the EU represented in the UN General Assembly?
The EU is an observer member with enhanced status and can present common positions and proposals, and participate in the general debate.
123
What is the primary purpose of the European Rule of Law Mechanism?
To establish an annual dialogue on inter-institutional cooperation and assessment on the rule of law
124
Who can apply to the Ombudsman?
Every EU citizen
125
What is the European Semester?
The European Semester is the annual cycle of economic and fiscal policy coordination within the European Union, through which member states align their budgetary, macroeconomic, employment, and structural reform policies with EU rules and receive country-specific recommendations.
126
Which EU institution authorises the European Commission to negotiate a trade agreement on behalf f the EU?
The Council of the European Union
127
When voting by unanimity in the Council, should abstentions be counted?
no.
128
Who is responsible for appointing members of specialised courts attached to the General Court?
The Council, unanimously
129
What is the European Climate Law?
The European Climate Law is binding legislation adopted by the European Union that enshrines the EU’s objective of achieving climate neutrality by 2050 and sets a legally binding target of reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels.
130
What is the name of the package of EU laws governing asylum, international protection and reception conditions
Common European Asylum system
131
What is the open method of coordination?
The Open Method of Coordination (OMC) is a soft governance mechanism of the European Union through which member states voluntarily coordinate policies—especially in areas like employment, social protection, education, and pensions—by setting common objectives, benchmarking performance, and exchanging best practices without binding EU legislation.
132
Who drafts the estimates for the draft budget?
All EU instiutions (by 1 July)
133
When must the European Commission submitt the annual draft budget to the Parliament and Council?
No later than 1st of September
134
What is the EU Product Compliance Network?
The EU Product Compliance Network is a cooperation framework established by the European Union that brings together national market surveillance authorities to strengthen coordination, information-sharing, and enforcement of EU product safety and compliance rules across the single market.
135
Which representative from another European Union institution is allowed to participate, without voting rights, in the meeting of the ECB's Governing Council?
The President of the Council of the European Union
136
Who where the founding member states of the European Coal and Steel Community?
West Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg
137
What was the OLP previously known as?
Co-decision procedure
138
Who is the President of the European Commission?
Ursula von der Leyen
139
Who is the Commissioner for Clean, Just and Competitive Transition?
Teresa Riber
140
Who is the Commissioner for Tech Sovereignty, Security and Democracy?
Henna Virkkunen
141
Who is the Commissioner for Prosperity and Industrial Strategy
Stéphane Séjourné
142
Who is the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy?
Kaja Kallas
143
Who is the Commissioner for Social Rights and Skills, Quality Jobs and Preparedeness
Roxana Minzatu
144
Who is the Commissioner for Cohesion and Reforms?
Raffaele Fitto
145
Who is the Commissioner for Trade and Economic Security, Interinstitutional Relations and Transparency?
Maros Sefcovic
146
Who is the Commissioner for Economy and Productivity, Implementation and Simplfication?
Valdis Dombrovskis
147
Who is the Commissioner for the Mediterranean?
Dubravka Suica
148
Who is the Commissioner for Health and Animal Welfare?
Oliver Varhelyi
149
Who is the Commissioner for Climate, Net Zero and Clean Growth?
Wopke Hoekstra
150
Who is the Commissioner for Defence and Space?
Andrius Kubilius
151
Who is the Commissioner for Enlargement?
Marta Kos
152
Who is the Commissioner for International Partnerships?
Jozef Sikela
153
Who is the Commissioner for Fisheries and Oceans?
Costas Kadis
154
Who is the Commissioner for Financial Services and the Savings and Investments Union?
Maria Luis Albuquerque
155
Who is the Commissioner for Equality?
Hadja Lahbib
156
Who is the Commissioner for Internal Affairs and Migration?
Magnus Brunner
157
Who is the Commissioner for Environment, Water Resilience and a Competitive Circular Economy?
Jessika Roswall
158
Who is the Commissioner for Budget, Anti-Fraud and Public Administration?
Piotr Serafin
159
Who is the Commissioner for Energy and Housing?
Dan Jörgensen
160
Who is the Commissioner for Startups, Research and Innovation?
Ekaterina Zaharieva
161
Who is the Commissioner for Democracy, Justice, the Rule of Law and Consumer Protection?
Michael McGrath
162
Who is the Commissioner for Sustainable Transport and Tourism?
Apostolos Tzizikostas
163
Who is the Commissioner for Agriculture and Food?
Christophe Hansen
164
Who is the Commissioner for Intergenerational Fairness, Youth, Culture and Sport
Glenn Micallef
165
What is EURAXESS?
EURAXESS is an initiative of the European Commission that provides information and support services to researchers and research-performing organisations, including job opportunities, funding information, and practical assistance for mobility across Europe and beyond.
166
What is the Better Regulation Framework?
The Better Regulation Framework is a policy system of the European Commission that ensures EU laws are prepared, implemented, and evaluated based on evidence, impact assessments, stakeholder consultations, and regulatory scrutiny to improve their quality, effectiveness, and transparency.
167
What is the Fit for 55 Package
The Fit for 55 Package is a set of legislative proposals by the European Commission designed to align EU climate, energy, transport, and taxation policies with the legally binding goal of reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels.
168
169
What is the "Have you Say" platform used for?
To collect contributions from citizens, businesses and stakeholders in the context of Better Regulation
169
170
What is the Digital Decate
The EU Digital Decade is the 2030 policy programme of the European Union that sets measurable targets for 2030, including at least 80% of adults with basic digital skills, 20 million ICT specialists employed in the EU, gigabit connectivity for all households and 5G coverage in all populated areas, 75% of EU companies using cloud/AI/big data, 90% of SMEs reaching basic digital intensity, and 100% availability of key public services online, including digital ID access for all citizens.
171
What four pillars are covered by the Rule of Law Report?
Justice System, Anti-corruption framework, media pluralism and institutional issues
172
Who approves the potential Vice-presidents and Commissioners?
The European Council
173
What is the value of EU trade through free trade agreements with global partners?
Over 2 trillion EUR
174
What is the purpose of a "White Paper" Published by the European Commission?
To launch a debate with the public, stakeholders, the European Parliament and the Council in order to arrive at a political consensus.
175
What is the main objective of the Circular Economy Act?
The main objective of the Circular Economy Act is to transition the economy from a linear “take-make-dispose” model to a circular system that maximises resource efficiency, reduces waste and environmental impacts, promotes product durability and reuse, and supports sustainable growth and competitiveness.
176
What Council Figurations belong to Coreper II?
Economic and financial affairs; Foreign Affairs; General Affairs; Justice and home affairs
177
What is the name of the EU global navigation satellite system?
Galileo
178
What is the Petersberg Declaration?
A declaration by the Western European Union that defined crisis-management tasks—humanitarian missions, peacekeeping, and peacemaking—that were later incorporated into the EU’s security and defence policy.
179
According to Article 67 of the TFEU, the EU shall constitute an area of ...:?
Freedom, security and Justice
180
What is the maximum number of European Parliament representatives per member state?
96
181
What is the Voluntary Solidarity Mechanism?
The Voluntary Solidarity Mechanism is a temporary arrangement agreed by EU member states under the Council of the European Union to support frontline countries facing high migration pressures through voluntary relocations of asylum seekers and other forms of solidarity, such as financial contributions and operational assistance.
182
What is the Critical Raw Materials Act?
The Critical Raw Materials Act aims to secure a sustainable, diversified, and resilient EU supply of critical and strategic raw materials by boosting domestic extraction, processing, recycling, reducing reliance on single-country suppliers, and strengthening monitoring and strategic partnerships
183
What are Trilogue meetings?
EU trilogue meetings are informal three‑way negotiations between the European Parliament, the Council, and the European Commission aimed at reaching a provisional agreement during the first reading of a legislative proposals.
184
Under the OLP, a Conciliation Committee may be set up when necessary? Who makes up this Committee?
An equal number of members of the Council and of the EU Parliament.
185
What is the core aim of the EU's 2014 Banking Union?
The core aim of the EU’s 2014 Banking Union is to break the vicious circle between banks and sovereign states by centralising bank supervision and resolution at the EU level, thereby ensuring financial stability, safer banks, and reducing the need for taxpayer-funded bailouts
186
What is a preliminary ruling by the Court of Justice?
A request by the court of a European Union member sate for the Court of Justice to interpret European Union law in a national legal case.
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What is the difference between a Executive Agency and a Decentralized Agency?
An EU executive agency is a temporary body in Brussels or Luxembourg that manages EU programmes under close Commission supervision, while a decentralised agency is a permanent, more autonomous body spread across member states that performs technical or regulatory tasks to support EU policy implementation.
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What is the Net-Zero Industry Act?
The Net‑Zero Industry Act’s aim is to boost EU clean‑tech manufacturing so that at least 40% of the EU’s annual net‑zero technology deployment needs are produced domestically by 2030, reducing dependencies and accelerating the transition to climate neutrality.
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What would be an example of an international agreement under the EU's CFSP?
A clear example would be a cooperation or association agreement with third countries that include security or international organization political clauses, for instance peacekeeping.
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Are trade agreement included in the CFSP?
No, trade agreements fall under the EU's external trade policy (Common Commercial Policy)
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What is the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC)?
The European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) is an EU advisory body made up of employers’, workers’ and civil‑society representatives that issues opinions to EU institutions on proposed legislation, acting as a bridge between EU decision‑making and organised civil society.
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What is the European Committee of the Regions?
The European Committee of the Regions (CoR) is an EU advisory body made up of locally and regionally elected representatives from all Member States, giving cities and regions a formal voice in EU law‑making on issues that directly affect them.
193
Who was the first president of the European Commission?
Walter Hallstein (1958)
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What is Europol responsible for?
Europol is responsible for supporting EU member states in preventing and combating serious international and organised crime, cybercrime, and terrorism, mainly by facilitating intelligence sharing, providing analytical and operational support, and coordinating cross‑border investigations, without having its own arrest powers.
194
How many civil servants work for the EU?
60 000
195
What is Kosovo's offical status in the EU accession process?
Potential Candidate
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When is the Conciliation Committee convened?
The EU Conciliation Committee is convened when the European Parliament and the Council fail to reach agreement at the second reading of the Ordinary Legislative Procedure, and the file is therefore referred to conciliation as a “third‑stage” negotiation to produce a joint text.
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Who represents the EU when negotiating international agreements relating to CFSP
The High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy
198
Where do EU Sanctions Apply?
Only within EU Jurisdiction
199
What are Delegated Acts?
A delegated act is a legal measured adopted by the Commission to supplement or amend certain non-essential elements of a legislative act, under powers delegated to it by the legislator.
200
What is the minmum requirements for a "citizens' initative"?
1 million citizens from at least 7 member states
201
What is the Europan Court of Aditors composed of?
two members per member state
202
How many weeks does a Conciliation Committee have to adopt a joint text before the proposed legislation fails to be adopted?
6 or 8 weeks
203
How much is the share of renewable energy production expected to grow from 2020 to 2030?
from 37 % to more than 60 % by 2023
204
According to Article 257 of the TFEU, which institution(s) "may establish specialized courts attached to the General Court to hear and determine at first instance certain classes of action or proceeding brought in specific areas"?
The Council of the EU and the European Parliament
205
What is the largest share of the European Union's budget for the period 2021-2027 goes to:
Cohesion, resilience and values
206
Which group prepare the work of COREPER I?
Mertens Group
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Which group prepare the work of COREPER II?
Antici Group
208
Who designed the Belgrade-Pristina dialogue?
The European Union
209
Where is the secretariat and the secretary general of the European Free Trade Area based in?
Geneva
210
What is the difference between a Regulation, Directive and Decision
EU Regulation: Binding in its entirety. Directly applicable in all Member States (no national transposition required). General scope (applies broadly across the EU).
EU Directive: Binding as to the result to be achieved. Requires national transposition into domestic law. Leaves Member States discretion on form and method.
EU Decision: Binding in its entirety, but only on those addressed (e.g., a Member State, company, or individual). Does not require transposition.
210
What is the purpose of the European Neighbourhood Policy
It aims to strengthen the prosperity, stability and security of all through bilateral policy bewteen the EU and partner countries
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Which countries are part of the European Neighbourhood Policy
Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijzan, Belarus, Egypt, Georgia, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Moldova, Morocco, Palestine, Syra, Tunisia and Ukraine
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By how much does the European Commission aim to cut transport-related greenhouse gas by 2050?
90 % versus 1990 levels.
213
In the EU legislative procedure, what is the "general approach" of the Council of the European Union
In the Ordinary Legislative Procedure (OLP), a “general approach” is a political agreement within the Council of the European Union on its negotiating position regarding a legislative proposal — typically reached before the European Parliament adopts its first-reading position.
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Which European Treaty gave the European Parliament the right to reject the European budget as a whole?
The Budgetary Treaty 1975
215
How long is the term for members of the European Union Court of Auditors?
6 years
216
What is aims of a Trilogue?
To reach a provisional agreement on a legislative proposal that both the European Parliament and the Council agree on
217
How much of customs duties on imports does the EU retain?
25%
218
What is the main purpose of the Carbon Removals and Carbon Farming (CRFC) Regulation?
To create the first EU-wide voluntary framework for certifying carbon removals, carbon farming and carbon storage in products
219
What does the role of the European Commission as Guardian of the Treaty entail?
The Commission ensures application of the Treaties and EU Law and is responsible for bringing infringement procedures
220
How long can an EU citizen live in another EU country without any conditions or formalities?
3 months
221
To date, how often has the Conciliation Committee failed to reach an agreement on the EU budget?
Four times (2011, 2013, 2015 and 2018)
222
According to Article 234 of the TFEU, how long must the European Parliament wait before voting on a motion of censure against the European Commission
3 days
223
When was the EU Single market put in place?
1 January 1993
224
What does the Economic and Monetary Union encompass:
1) Monetary Union: a common monetary policy for countries that have adopted the euro; 2) Economic Union: e.g. coordination of economic policies between the member states thanks to the European Semester; 3) Fiscal Union: e.g. coordination of fiscal policies, financial support for member states in difficulties, European Fiscal Board; 4) banking union: e.g. single rulebook ensuring harmonized rules for the European financial sector, centralized supervision and resolution of banks in the euro area; 5) capital markets union: rules promoting private risk sharing and improved access to funding
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What policies are coordinated under the European Semester?
Under the European Semester, the EU coordinates:
Fiscal policy (budgets, deficit and debt surveillance)
Macroeconomic policy (monitoring imbalances)
Structural and economic reforms (competitiveness, labour and product markets)
Employment and social policies
In essence, it aligns national budgetary, economic, and reform policies across Member States.
226
What is the name of the European Commission policy package seeking to achieve climate neutrality by 2050
The Green deal
227
Who manages the EU Budget?
The European Commission
228
When is an "Accession partnership" agreed?
When a country applies to join the EU
229
How many readings does the OLP provide?
Three
230
What is the priority of the European Commission's strategy for 2024-2029 to safeguard democracy and protect European values?
Protection democracy by combating disinformation, enhancing societal resilience, and preserving free speech.
231
Which form of competence means that both the EU and its MS may adopt legally binding acts in the area concerned?
Shared Competence (however, the MS can do so only where the EU has not exercised its competence or has explicitly ceased to do so).
232
What is the role of the European Parliament in the Consultation procedure?
It delivers a non-binding decision
233
How does the second reading in the OLP start?
The European Parliament examines the Council of the EU's position.
234
When adoption an implementing act, the Comitlogy committee's opinion is adopted by what majority?
Simple Majority. The opinion is non-binding.
235
Which EU institution is responsible for signing international trade agreements on behalf of the EU?
The Council of the EU only
236
What is the longest serving policy of the EU?
The Common Agricultural Policy
237
What is the Common Agricultural Policy?
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is the European Union’s policy framework that provides financial support to farmers, stabilizes agricultural markets, and promotes sustainable rural development to ensure food security and viable farming across Member States.
238
What time limit do the co-legislator have in the second reading of the OLP?
Three + possible one months to adopt its position
239
What is the Next Generation Internet?
The Next Generation Internet (NGI) is a European Commission initiative aimed at shaping the future internet to be more open, trustworthy, secure, privacy-respecting, and human-centric, by funding research and innovation in key digital technologies.
240
What is an Association Agreement?
An Association Agreement seeks to promote the economic and social development of the countries and territories outside of Europe and to establish close economic relations between them and the Union as a whole
241
Which EU institutions shall according to Article 16(1) TEU, have jointly excerise legislative and budgetary functions?
Council of the European Union and European Parliament
242
What is the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030?
The EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 is the European Union’s plan to restore degraded ecosystems, protect at least 30% of land and sea, and halt biodiversity loss by 2030 as part of the European Green Deal.
243
When where all custom duties eliminated in the EU?
1968
244
What is the EU General Escape Clause?
The General Escape Clause is a provision in the EU’s fiscal framework that allows Member States to temporarily deviate from normal budget deficit and debt rules under the Stability and Growth Pact during severe economic downturns or exceptional circumstances, such as a major crisis.
245
What is the Stability and Growth Pact?
The Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) is the European Union’s fiscal governance framework designed to ensure that Member States maintain sustainable public finances and coordinate budgetary policies.
It establishes two key numerical benchmarks:
Budget deficit: should not exceed 3% of GDP
Public debt: should not exceed 60% of GDP, or must be sufficiently declining toward that level
246
What is CEPOL?
An agency of the EU dedicated to developing, implementing and coordinating training of law enforcement officials.
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What are Economic Partnership Agreements?
Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) are EU trade agreements with African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries that provide duty-free access to the EU market while promoting development and regional integration.
248
What is the "think small first" principle in policymaking and the Better Regulation context?
The Commission aims to improve the business environment of SMEs
249
What time limits are there during the first reading of the OLP?
There are no time limits
250
What is EUNIC?
EUNIC (European Union National Institutes for Culture) is the network of EU Member States’ cultural institutes that promotes European cultural cooperation and cultural diplomacy worldwide.
251
What is the order of voting on amendments in the parliament if two or more mutually exclusive amendments have been tabled to the same text?
The amendment that departs furthest from the original text shall have priority and shall be put to the vote first.
252
What is the EU Digital compass?
The EU Digital Compass 2030 is the European Union’s strategic framework setting measurable targets for the EU’s digital transformation by 2030.
It focuses on four key areas:
Digital skills – at least 80% of adults with basic digital skills
Digital infrastructure – widespread 5G and advanced semiconductors
Digital transformation of businesses – increased use of AI, cloud, and big data
Digitalisation of public services – accessible online public services and digital ID
253
What is the largest contributing source to primary energy production in the EU?
Renewable energy
254
Which policy areas are EXCLUDED from the European Economic Area?
Common Agricultural Policy
Common Fisheries Policy (except some market rules)
Common Trade Policy
Common Foreign and Security Policy
Economic and Monetary Union (no euro obligation)
Justice and Home Affairs (mostly outside the EEA framework)
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What is needed for a qualified majority in the Council?
At least 55% of the members of the council, representing at least 65% of the population and comprising of at least 15 member states
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What is needed for a blocking minority in the council?
At least 35 % of the EU population consisting of at least four member states
258
What is the task of the European Central Bank?
Maintain stability of the euro and control the amount of currency in circulation.
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What is the European System of Central Banks?
Composed by the ECB and MS central banks a tasked with defining and implementing monetary policy, issue banknotes and manage currency reserves.
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What are the Copenhagen criteria?
The Copenhagen criteria are the essential conditions established in 1993 that any country must meet to join the EU They require a stable democracy, rule of law, human rights, a functioning market economy, and the capacity to adopt EU laws (acquis communautaire
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What is the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA)
The Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA) is a treaty that extends the European Union’s single market—allowing the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people—to three non-EU countries: Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway.
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What are stabilization and association processes (SAP)?
EU Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP) is EU’s policy framework for integrating Western Balkan countries through political, economic, and legal reforms in exchange for closer cooperation and path toward potential EU membership.
EPSO
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