Dentistry BDS1 Sem 1 > Evidence-Based Practice > Flashcards

Evidence-Based Practice Flashcards

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1
Q

What is evidence-based practice?

A

It is the integration of best research evidence with clinical experience and patient values

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2
Q

What does appropriate and reliable evidence lead to?

A
  1. Bets practice

2. Reduced varition in dental care provision

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3
Q

In terms of evidence-based practice, what does the science aspect provide?

A
  1. Understanding the aetiology and pathogenesis of a disease or condition
  2. Understand how and why different people/groups of people vary in disease rates
  3. Understand why certain theraphy is effective or safe but others may not
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4
Q

What are the 3-ill approaches?

A
  1. Drill
  2. Fill
  3. Bill
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5
Q

What are the two types of research?

A
  1. Primary

2. Secondary

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6
Q

What is the primary type of research?

A

They are original studies, based on observation or experimentation involving animals or people

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7
Q

What is secondary research?

A

They are reviews of publishes research, drawing together the findings of two or more primary studies

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8
Q

What are the two types of research design?

A
  1. Experimental

2. Observational

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9
Q

What is experimental research design?

A

It is research to test a new drug or new treatment modality in a population group

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10
Q

What is observational research design?

A

Researchers observe a population group for a certain disease or condition

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11
Q

What is the most important relationship in evidence-based practice?

A

Cause-effect relationship

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12
Q

What are Bradford Hill’s criteria?

A
  1. Strength and consistency of the association
  2. Specificity
  3. Temporality
  4. Biological gradient
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13
Q

What is a dose-response effect?

A

It is the idea that increasing the cause also increases the effect (increasing smoking increases periodontitis in that population)

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14
Q

What is biological plausibility?

A

The relationship must be explainable in the light of current scientific knowledge of the disease/condition and of the nature of the cause.

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15
Q

Describe the evidence hierarchy from lowest to highest.

A
  1. Anecdotal
  2. Case report. Expert opinion
  3. Cross-sectional studies
  4. Case-control studies
  5. Cohort studies
  6. RCT
  7. Systematic reviews (with or without meta-analysis)
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16
Q

What is a systematic study?

A

It is a review of a body of data that uses explicit methods to locate primary studies and explicit criteria to assess their quality.

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17
Q

What is the aim of a systematic review?

A

Aim to inform and facilitate this process through research synthesis of multiple studies to enable increased and efficient access to evidence.

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18
Q

What is meta-analysis?

A

A statistical analysis that combines the results of several independent clinical trials considered by the analyst to be “combinable”.

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19
Q

What is an RCT?

A

Aims to evaluate the efficacy or effectiveness of a new medication or treatment

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20
Q

What is a standard design of an RCT?

A

Intervention vs no intervention

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21
Q

Why is randomization important?

A

Randomisation ensures that subjects receiving different treatment are comparable at the start of the study

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22
Q

What is the difference between random selection and randomization?

A

Random selection occurs prior to randomisation

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23
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

The aim is to observe changes related to a particular group of individuals

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24
Q

What is a case-control study?

A

Aims to identify differences between cases and control. Observational retrospective design, no intervention from researchers.

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25
What is a cross-sectional study?
Aims to describe patterns of a condition at a time point. Observational design. One point in time.
26
What is a case report?
A quick communication. A report based on a single case of a condition.
27
What is an expert opinion?
A consensus of experience of the good and the great. Can be a good starting point for a new research
28
What is anecdotal evidence?
Something someone told you after a meeting or in the bar
29
What can statistics be separated to?
1. Descriptive | 2. Inferential
30
How can we measure central tendencies?
1. Mean 2. Median 3. Mode
31
How can we measure dispersion or variability?
1. Range 2. Interquartile range 3. Standard deviation .4 Variance
32
What is a range?
It is the difference between the largest and smallest values in the datasets
33
What is the IQR?
The range of the middle 50% of the data (Q3 - Q1)
34
What is the standard deviation?
The measure of how far the values/scores deviate from the mean
35
What is the variance?
indicates the mean of the squared deviations of a set of scores from the mean of the scores
36
What is a variable?
It is a characteristic of the thing you are studying or observing
37
What are the 4 measurement scales?
1. Nominal 2. Ordinal 3. Interval 4. Ratio
38
What is nominal data?
Nominal data have no order and thus only gives names or labels to various categories
39
What is ordinal data?
Ordinal data have order, but the interval between measurements is not meaningful
40
What is interval data?
Interval data have meaninglful intervals between measurements but there is no true starting point
41
What is a ratio?
Ratio data have the highest level of measurement. Ratios between measurements as well as intervals are meaningful because there is a starting point.
42
What is the importance of scales of measurement?
The nature of the data determines which statistical tests are appropriate to use
43
What are the two types of variables?
1. Qualitative | 2. Quantitative
44
What are the two types of qualitative data?
Ordered (ordinal) and unordered (nominal)
45
What are the two types of quantitative data?
Discrete and continuous
46
What is discrete data?
A whole number data
47
What is continuous data?
An infinite values data
48
What is a negative skew?
Mode is at the top and median and mean is lower
49
What is a positive skew?
Mean is at the most value and median and mode are lower
50
How can a sample that is representative of the population of interest be selected?
By Random selection
51
What is a parameter?
A characteristic or measure obtained from a population
52
What are the two categories of statistical inference?
1. Parameter estimation | 2. Hypothesis testing
53
What are the two forms of parameter estimation?
1. Point estimation | 2. Interval estimation
54
What is a statistical hypothesis?
It is a statement about the population
55
What are the two statistical hypotheses?
1. The null hypothesis | 2. Alternativ hypothesis
56
What does the null hypothesis state?
It states that there is no effect.
57
What does the alternative hypothesis state?
That there is an effect
58
What are the two types of hypotheses?
1. Two-sided | 2. One-sided
59
How do we show a null hypothesis?
Mu = mu(0)
60
How do we show an alternative hypothesis?
mu>mu(0) or mu
61
What if the alternative hypothesis is two-sided?
mu (does not) = mu(0)
62
What can we consider a rare event?
Less than 5% of events
63
What is a p-value?
The p-value is the smallest level of significance that would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis H(0)
64
What to do if the p-value is smaller or equal to the significance level?
Reject the null hypotheesis
65
What to do if the p-value is greater than the significance level?
Do not reject the null hypothesis
66
What are the basic steps of hypothesis testing?
1. Propose a research question 2. State the null hypothesis 3. Define a threshold value 4. Select the appropriate statistical test 5. Compare the P-value of your test with the chosen level of significance
67
What is the importance of Confidence Intervals?
1. IF the confidence intervals overlap - accept the null hypothesis 2. IF the confidence do not overlap = reject the null hypothesis
68
What is a Type I error?
Type I error is rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
69
What is a Type II error?
Type II error is not rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false
70
What are the five types of statistical tests?
1. T-test 2. ANOVA 3. Chi-square test 4. Regression 5. Correlation
71
What types of tests can we use for categorical data?
Chi-square, regression
72
What types of tests can we use for continuous data?
ANOVA, regression, correlation, t-tests
73
What is a t-test?
It is a test that is appropriate to use when you want to compare the means of two groups
74
What is an ANOVA test?
It is an analysis of variance test, that measures the difference between many means (same as t-test but more than 2 groups)
75
What is a chi-square test?
It is a test that is used for the categorical data. The tests is based on the discrepancy between the observed number of bservations in each category amd the expected number of observations in each category
76
What is correlation?
Correlation is a measure of association between two continuous variables. It measures both strength and direction of the variables (e.g when y increases what is the effect on x)
77
What is regression?
Line of best fit
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