Evidence-Based Practice

Question 1

Independent Variable

Answer 1

activity or factor believed to bring about change in dependent variable

Question 2

Dependent Variable

Answer 2

change or difference resulting from intervention; outcome

Question 3

Null hypothesis

Answer 3

no relationship exists between variables

Question 4

Data types: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

Answer 4

Nominal: categories based on characteristics (male/female)
Ordinal: ranked categories (GPA, MMT)
Interval: classified based on scale w/o true zero
Ratio: classifies based on equal interval true zero

Question 5

Effect size

Answer 5

the size of differences between sample means

Question 6

generalizability

Answer 6

degree at which the study’s findings based on a sample apply to the entire population

Question 7

internal validity

Answer 7

the degree to which the observed differences on the dependent variable are a result of manipulation of the independent variable

Question 8

external validity

Answer 8

the degree to which the results are generalizable to individuals outside the study

Question 9

face validity

Answer 9

the assumption of validity based on the appearance of an instrument as a reasonable measure.

Question 10

content validity

Answer 10

the degree to which an instrument measures an intended content area

Question 11

concurrent validity

Answer 11

teh degree to which the scores on one test are related to the scores on another test

Question 12

predictive validity

Answer 12

the degree to which a test is able to predict future performance

Question 13

construct validity

Answer 13

the degree a test measures intended hypothesis

Question 14

hawthorne effect

Answer 14

the subject’s knowledge of participation in an experiment influences the results

Question 15

interrater reliability

Answer 15

the degree 2 or more raters can get same rating

Question 16

intrarater reliability

Answer 16

one rater, multiple ratings

Question 17

test-retest reliability

Answer 17

test is stable over time

Question 18

split-half reliability

Answer 18

one half of test compared to the other for internal consistency.

Question 19

sensitivity

Answer 19

test’s ability to correctly identify people with condition

Question 20

specificity

Answer 20

tests ability to correctly identify people without condition

Question 21

predictive value

Answer 21

tests ability to estimate likelihood person will test (+) for condition

Question 22

Cohort Study

Answer 22

prospective study of participants with condition compared with matches group without condition

Question 23

case-control study

Answer 23

retrospective study of individuals with similar condition

Question 24

Range

Answer 24

difference between highest score and lowest score

Question 25

Standard Deviation

Answer 25

Determination of variability of scores from mean

Question 26

Normal distribution

Answer 26

bell curve, mean/median/mode close to same; 68% between 1 and -1 SD

Question 27

Inferential Statistics- purpose

Answer 27

to determine how likely the results of a study of a sample can be generalized to a population

Question 28

Alpha level

Answer 28

preselected level of significance- probability level; measured in P

Question 29

Standard error

Answer 29

expected chance of variation among the means from sampling error

Question 30

type 1 error

Answer 30

null hypothesis is rejected by the researcher when it is true

Question 31

type 2 error

Answer 31

null hypothesis is not rejected when it is false

Question 32

Parametric statistics- defined

Answer 32

testing is based on population parameters; includes tests of significance based on interval/ratio data; Must be: 1) Normal distribution 2) random sampling 3) equal variance in groups

Question 33

T-test for independent samples

Answer 33

Parametric test to compare 2 independent groups by random assignment (i.e. test whether hand splint improves pain in RA pts

Question 34

T-test for paired samples

Answer 34

compares the difference between matches samples; can be one-tailed (directional hypothesis (i.e. does the intervention improve outcomes?) or two-tailed based on non-directional hypothesis (i.e. either group could have better outcomes) ** T-test can only compare 2 groups

Question 35

ANOVA

Answer 35

Analysis of Variance: parametric to compare 3 or more independent tx; Simple: 3 tests of posttest scoares are compared from 3 categories; OR Factorial ANOVA: compares multiple groups on 2 or more independent variables

Question 36

ANCOVA

Answer 36

Analysis of covariance: parametric comparing 2 or more treatmetn groups while controlling for effects of other variables

Question 37

Nonparametric Statistics- defined

Answer 37

testing not based on population parameters; includes tests on nominal or ordinal data; Used when: 1) Can't meet parametric assumptions

Question 38

Chi square test

Answer 38

Nonparametric test to compare data in the form of frequency counts in 2 or more mutually exclusive categories (rate tx performance)

Question 39

Correlational Statistics

Answer 39

determine the relative strength of a relationship between variables

Question 40

Pearson product-moment coefficient(r)

Answer 40

used to correllate continuous data with underlying normal distribution on interval/ratio scales

Question 41

Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (r)

Answer 41

nonparametric test used to correlate ordinal data (verbal vs. reading comprehension scores)

Question 42

Point biserial correlation

Answer 42

one variable is dichotomous (nominal) and the other is ratio or interval (relationship between elbow flexor spasticity and side of stroke)

Question 43

Rank biserial correlation

Answer 43

one variable is dichotomous (nominal) and the other is ordinal (relationship between gender and functional ability)

Question 44

Intraclass Correlation coefficient (ICC):

Answer 44

reliability coefficient based on analysis of variance

Question 45

Common variance

Answer 45

representation of the degree that variation in one variable is attributable to another variable

Question 46

Linear regression

Answer 46

used to establish the relationship between two variables as a basis for prediction