Evolution

Question 1

Stages of chemical and Biological Evolution

Answer 1

Stage 1:

a. Early Earth
b. Inorganic molecules
c. Small organic molecules

Stage 2: Macro-molecules

Stage 3: Protocells (not able to divide)

Stage 4: Living Cells (able to divide)

Question 2

Small Organic Molecules

Answer 2

Story of creation: There was a lot of energy present, causing the gasses to react to create the small organic molecules.

Function: These small organic molecules joined together to form macro molecules

Question 3

RNA First hypothesis vs Protein First hypothesis

Answer 3

Both try to deepen the understanding of the formation of DNA.

RNA first hypothesis hypothesizes that RNA came before proteins.

The Protein first hypothesis hypothesizes that protein came before RNA.

Question 4

Protocells

Answer 4

• Metabolic but can´t divide
• Heterotrophic (use other small molecules as food source)
• Hypothesized that lipids combined (when in a solvute solution) to create protocells

Question 5

Baby Earth´s Atmosphere

Answer 5

• atmosphere was present, and composed mostly of gasses (including nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and water vapor)
• no oxygen at this time
• high in temperature. cooling of the atmosphere caused water to go from gas to liquid (rain fell, and so began the formation of the oceans, other bodies of water)

Question 6

Lipids

Answer 6

• When lipids form (they do so through solutes) they create plasma membranes

Question 7

Living Cells

Answer 7

• Are able to divide

Question 8

Two Important aspects of biological evolution

Answer 8

• Common Ancestor

- Adaptation to the enviornment

Question 9

Mechanism of Biological Evolution

Answer 9

• Natural selection

Question 10

Natural Selection

Answer 10

• Decent with modification

Question 11

Lamark

Answer 11

Hypothesized that characteristics are acquired over time (is wrong because acquired characteristics are not passed on)

Question 12

Darwin

Answer 12

• Hypothesized that desired characteristics are selected for

Question 13

Critical Elements of Natural Selection

Answer 13

• Variation
• Competition for limited resources (the ability for a species to expand is infinite but the resources that the species needs to flourish is limited)
• Adaptation

Question 14

Evidence of Evolution: Fossils

Answer 14

• Fossils (hard tissues mineralize in sediment. Sedimentation creates layers/strata which helps with dating). Fossil Records tell us that simple organisms came before complex organisms

Question 15

Evidence of Evolution: Biogeographical

Answer 15

• Distribution of plants and animals

- Evolution before migration

Question 16

Evidence of Evolution

Answer 16

• Fossils
• Biogeographical
• Anatomical
• Embryology
• Biochemical

Question 17

Evidence of Evolution (Anatomical)

Answer 17

• Common descent explains anatomical similarities
• Homologous structures (parts that share ancestors but serve different functions) are anatomically similar
• Analogous structures: (have the same structure but different ancestors)

Question 18

Evidence of Evolution (Embryology)

Answer 18

• Closely related organisms have similar embryos

Question 19

Evidence of Evolution (Biochemical)

Answer 19

Universality of:

• Genetic code
• DNA
• ATP
• Enzymes

3 domains of life

• Bacteria (single-celled prokaryotic cells)
• Archaea
• Eukarya

Question 20

Classification of humans

Answer 20

Humans are primates

Question 21

Characteristics of Primates

Answer 21

Adapted to living in trees, mobile forelimbs/hind limbs, grasping hands, flattened face, binocular vision, large complex brains, reduced reproductive rate

Question 22

Humans vs Chimps (closest living relative)

Answer 22

Human:

• spine exits from centre of the skull, because we are upright beings
• spine is more S shaped
• pelvis is bowl shaped
• arched foot
• knee is more supportive

Chimps:

• spine exists at the rear of the skull
• spine is C shaped
• pelvis is narrow
• flat foot

Question 23

Hominid

Answer 23

• Apes that are still living (gorilla, orangutan, chimps, and humans) and extinct Relatives
  def: – the group consisting of all modern and extinct Great Apes

Question 24

Hominine

Answer 24

• includes gorillas, chimps, and humans

def: of, relating to or characteristic of humans

Question 25

Hominin

Answer 25

- Members are homogenus

Question 26

Determinations of early humans of the human line

Answer 26

- bipedalism - flatter face - dull canines - Brain size

Question 27

Sahelanthropus

Answer 27

- very early hominds - not sure if they were bipedal - thick tooth enamel - discovered in africa - small brain size - small canines

Question 28

Orrorin

Answer 28

- limbs that suggest bipedalism - large pointed canines - very early homind - discovered in africa - fingers that are good for tree climbing

Question 29

Ardipithecens

Answer 29

Two different species that have yet been discovered (A. kadabba and A. ramidus) - small canines - small head - discovered in Africa - very early hominid - ape-like muzzle - heavy eyebrow ridges - opposoble big toes - legs suggest bipedalism, toes suggest living in trees

Question 30

Australopithecines

Answer 30

- early hominids - species that gives rise to the homogenus - What Lucy was - Thought to be bipedal

Question 31

Members of the Homo Genus are determined by:

Answer 31

- Brain size > 600 cc - Jaw and teeth like those of humans - Evidence of tool use

Question 32

Homo Habilis

Answer 32

- early homo species (hominins) - small teeth - omnivore diet - Tools (H. habillis= "handyman") - discovered in africa

Question 33

Homo ergaster

Answer 33

- larger brain - flatter face - fire - tools - africa

Question 34

Homo erectus

Answer 34

- Aisa | - Possibly originated in Africa; migrated to Asia and Europe

Question 35

H. neandertalensis

Answer 35

- Europe - Large brow ridges - Protruding jaw, teeth, nose, - Long pubic bone - Larger brain - Larger muscles - Fire and tools - Burial of the dead

Question 36

Cro Magnon

Answer 36

- Earliest modern Homo sapiens: Cro- Magnon - Migration to Asia and Europe from Africa - Modern appearence - Advanced tools - Culture - Language - Art

Question 37

Out of Africa Hyphothesis

Answer 37

- Humans originated in Africa, and migrated later

Question 38

Human Variation in Ethnicities

Answer 38

- Adaptations to the local enviornment - Some variation have no known benefit to local enviornment (ex. hair texture, upper eyelid folds, lip shape) - More genetic vation within ethicities than between

Question 39

Evolution of Hominins Time line

Answer 39

Ordered from when they started ``` ~7-6MYA Salanthropus tchandensis ~5.5- 4.5MYA Ardipithecus ramindus ~4-3 MYA Australopitecus afarensis ~3-2 MYA Australopitecus africanrus ~2.25-1.5 MYA Paranthropus boisei ~2-1.5 MYA Australopitecus sediba ~ 2-1.5 MYA Paranthropus robustus ```

Question 40

Order of Evolution of Different Organisms

Answer 40

1. Prokaryotic cells 2a. Protist (single-celled organisms) 2. Eukaryotic cells

Question 41

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 41

Lack a nucleus

Question 42

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 42

- Have nucleus and membrane-bound organelles - First Eukaryotic cells were single-cell protists, which gave rise to multicellularity and other kingdoms (fungi, plants, and animals)

Question 43

Three characteristics that determine if a fossil is a hominin

Answer 43

- Brain size - Bipedalism - Flat face

Question 44

On what continent are all early hominids found?

Answer 44

Africa

Question 45

Out of Africa hypothesis

Answer 45

Hypothesizes that the humans originated in Africa and later spread across the world.

Question 46

Human variation in ethnicities

Answer 46

- Humans ethnicities among population comes from adaptations from the enviornment - More variety within a race than between -