What is natural selection?
A process where favorable traits increase in a population over time.
Why is there a struggle for survival?
Resources are limited, so not all organisms can survive.
What is variation in a population?
Differences among individuals in traits or alleles.
How do favorable variations affect survival?
They increase an organism’s chance to survive and reproduce.
What happens to favorable alleles over generations?
They become more frequent in the population.
Why did speckled moths survive before the industrial revolution?
They were camouflaged against trees, avoiding predators.
Why did dark moths become common after the industrial revolution?
Pollution darkened trees, giving dark moths camouflage.
What causes antibiotic resistance to spread?
Resistant bacteria survive, reproduce, and pass on resistance alleles.
What is evolution?
The change in allele frequencies in a population over time.
What are selection pressures?
External factors that affect an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce.
What are sources of genetic variation?
Mutations, independent assortment, crossing over, and fertilisation.
What is speciation?
Formation of new species due to isolation, selection pressures, and time.
What are isolating mechanisms?
Geographical, behavioural, temporal, habitat, and reproductive barriers.
What is genetic drift?
Random change in allele frequencies, stronger in small populations.
What is a bottleneck effect?
A population’s size is reduced, decreasing genetic diversity.
What is the founder effect?
Small groups colonize new areas, leading to unique allele frequencies.
What is convergent evolution?
Different species evolve similar traits due to similar pressures.
What is divergent evolution?
Related species evolve different traits due to different pressures.
Give an example of convergent evolution.
Sharks and dolphins both evolved streamlined shapes.
Give a difference between sharks and dolphins.
Sharks lay eggs, dolphins give live birth.
What are pros of asexual reproduction?
Quick reproduction, no partner required.
What are cons of asexual reproduction?
Low genetic diversity, harder to adapt.
What are pros of sexual reproduction?
High genetic diversity, better adaptability.
What are cons of sexual reproduction?
Requires a partner, slower process.
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Cr 5 - Molecular Biology97
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Enzymes24
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Photosynthesis38
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Protein Synthesis18
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Gene Expression and Regulation11
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cellular respiration14
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DNA Replication Cr 520
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Mutations22
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Homeostasis - kidney + adaptions.95
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Homeostasis187
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Cr 3 2 - Scientific Method2
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Cr 7 - Pathogens and Immunity201
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Cell Cycle and Genetics201
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Test 119
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Evolution24
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mini brains43
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FInal c4 flashcards45
