Evolution and Diversity

Question 1

Heterotroph Hypothesis

Answer 1

Life began under different conditions: atmosphere was composed of hydrogen, ammonia, methane, water. The climate was intense.

Question 2

Heterotroph

Answer 2

An organism that can’t synthesize its own food. The first cells were heterotrophs, but evolved to autotrophs when food became scarce. Early cells were also anaerobic.

Question 3

Earth’s atmosphere today

Answer 3

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen. Oxygen was a waste product of autotrophs, and it accumulated.

Question 4

Gene pool

Answer 4

All of the genes of all the people in the whole population.

Question 5

Genetic variability

Answer 5

1. Each person in a population has a distinct set of genes. Some have brown eyes, some green, etc.
2. This is a property of all populations.
3. Not caused by a species’ ability to adapt to environmental conditions

Question 6

Fossil record

Answer 6

All information paleontologists have gathered and organized about past life. Shows how groups of organisms have changed over time, and gives evidence for evolution.

Question 7

Random mutation of DNA

Answer 7

Basis for genetic variability. Nucleotide base sequence is accidentally changed. If DNA sequence changes, so can the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Question 8

How can a mutation be passed to offspring?

Answer 8

If it occurs in a sex cell. Through mutation, a new allele is created.

Question 9

What is the driving force of evolution?

Answer 9

Natural selection- “survival of the fittest”

Question 10

Darwin’s observations about evolution (4)

Answer 10

1. Each species produces more offspring than can survive
2. The offspring compete with each other for the limited resources that are available
3. Organisms in every population vary
4. The offspring with the most favorable traits are most likely to survive and produce offspring.

Question 11

Evolution

Answer 11

1. Changes in gene pools. Rapid changes are caused by competition.
2. Genetic variability causes physical variability, making some organisms better competitors

Question 12

Geographic isolation

Answer 12

A new species may form when a group of individuals is isolated from the rest of the species.

Question 13

Why does evolution happen? (3)

Answer 13

1. Genetic variability allows some individuals to win the game of natural selection
2. The winners, survive, reproduce, and pass their genes on to their offspring
3. The offspring have genes like those of their parents, changing the gene pool.

May create a new species

Question 14

Fitness

Answer 14

An organism’s ability to contribute to the next generation’s gene pool by producing surviving offspring.

Question 15

Does the genome of an individual change over time?

Answer 15

No, only the genetic makeup of a population changes over time.

Question 16

Species

Answer 16

2 individuals have such different genes that their gametes can’t meet to form an individual.

Question 17

Speciation

Answer 17

The formation of new species by evolution, caused by multiple changes to the gene pool.

Question 18

Divergent evolution

Answer 18

1. Process by which 2 populations of the same species end up having different behaviors and traits
2. A result of a changing environment- physical and behavioral pressure.

Question 19

Homologous structures

Answer 19

1. Similar structures indicating a common ancestor
2. Functions are different, fundamentals the same
   Ex: human arm and whale flipper

Question 20

Analogous structures

Answer 20

1. Similar adaptations resulting from convergent evolution
2. Same function, but different structure, ancestry is also different.
   Ex: wings in birds and insects

Question 21

Convergent evolution

Answer 21

1. 2 species develop similar traits/behaviors due to environmental pressures. (2 species flying to escape ground predators
2. Never results in speciation or 2 species becoming one.

Question 22

Vestigial structures

Answer 22

Structures become smaller and useless as environment, population, and behaviors change.

Question 23

Phylogeny

Answer 23

Classifying organisms based on their evolutionary relationships (common ancestors).

Question 24

Taxonomy

Answer 24

Science of classification and naming.

Question 25

Binomial System (Linnaeus)

Answer 25

2 part name for each organism. First part is genus (capitalized), second is species (not capitalized). Both are italicized.

Question 26

System of Classification

Answer 26

1. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species 2. Goes from less in common to most in common. Members of the same species have more in common than members of the same genus 3. Like a reverse "address", domain is like a country, species is like a person.

Question 27

3 common domains

Answer 27

1. Domain Bacteria 2. Domain Archaea 3. Domain Eukarya

Question 28

Domain Bacteria

Answer 28

1. Prokaryotes | 2. One kingdom- eubacteria, which includes algae

Question 29

Domain Archaea

Answer 29

1. Prokaryotes which are similar to eukaryotes- multiple types of RNA 2. Live in harsh environments- very salty or hot

Question 30

Domain Eukarya

Answer 30

1. Eukaryotes | 2. 4 kingdoms: Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

Question 31

-phyta

Answer 31

Plants

Question 32

-mycota

Answer 32

Fungi

Question 33

Kingdom Protista

Answer 33

1. Protozoa, algae, and protists 2. Eukaryotes, most are unicellular 3. Phyla: amoebas, sporozoans (animal parasites), ciliates, slime molds (like large amoebas), euglena (unicellular algae), diatoms (glass like walls that form sediments, brown algae (seaweed)

Question 34

Kingdom Plantae

Answer 34

1. Multicellular, eukaryotic 2. Grouped by how they transport water (vascular/nonvascular). Vascular divided into seed/seedless plants, seed divided into flowering and nonflowering 3. Phyla: nonvascular plants (moss), ferns (seedless), conifers (seed, gymnosperms), flowering plants (moncots-single seed leaves, dicots- 2 seed)

Question 35

Gymnosperms

Answer 35

Nonflowering plants

Question 36

Angiosperms

Answer 36

Flowering plants

Question 37

Kingdom Fungi

Answer 37

1. Eukaryotic, multicellular, live on decaying material | 2. Phyla: common molds (reproduce sexually), mushrooms and shelf fungi

Question 38

Kingdom Animalia

Answer 38

1. Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic 2. Phyla: Sponges (sessile, marine environments), Coelenterates (jellyfish), Flatworms, Mollusks (soft bodies, hard external shells), Segmented Worms, Arthropods, Echinoderms, Chordates

Question 39

Sessile

Answer 39

Nonmoving

Question 40

Arthropods

Answer 40

1. Crustaceans, insects, arachnids | 2. Jointed appendages, hard exoskeleton containing chitin, segmented body

Question 41

Echinoderms

Answer 41

1. Sea stars, sand dollars | 2. Sessile, spiny exoskeletons, water vascular system

Question 42

Phylum Chordata

Answer 42

Fish, mammals, reptiles, with dorsal nerve cords and spines. 1. Catiligious fishes- flexible cartilage skeletons 2. Bony fishes- bone skeletons 3. Amphibians- frogs, salamanders. Aquatic larva 4. Reptiles- lizards, snakes. Lungs, thick and scaly skin 5. Birds- lungs, forelimbs modified as wings 6. Mammals- humans

Question 43

Order of Evolution

Answer 43

Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Humans

Question 44

Stable Dominance Hierarchy

Answer 44

Created by ritualized contests within a species with little risk of injury or death to participants.