What qualities do all living things have?
① order
②processes energy
③can adapt
④responds to the environment
⑤ can reproduce
⑥can regulate
What is life’s hierarchy?
Molecules →organelles→cells →tissues →organs → organisms→population →community →ecosystem → biosphere
Difference between macroevolution and microevolution?
Macro is phenotypic changes over evolutionary time
Micro is allelic frequency changes over generations in a population
Characteristics of Natural Selection?
Favourable variations, unequal inheritance,gradual change
What is divergent evolution?
When creatures had a similar ancestor and have similar bone structure but they are very different species
Who is Charles Darwin?
British biologist who wrote The origin of species, and discovered descent with modification
What is the difference between natural selection and artificial selection?
Natural selection is changes and traits over a long period of time
Artificial selection is when parents are chosen for certain traits and big changes happen artificially over a short period of time
What were Darwin’s observations?
Unity of life, diversity of life, match between an organism and its environment, variability and heritability of traits, overproduction of offspring, and fitness (ability to have offspring)
What is selection versus evolution?
Selection is when individuals are selected for, populations evolve, not individuals
What are induced mutations?
Induced mutations are caused by extrinsic mutagenic agents (UV light)
What is the theory of natural selection?
It is the theory of heritable variation within the population and normal distribution of traits
What is sexual selection?
Sexual selection is when sexes have different appearances, and one gender prefers to look of one to the other
What causes spontaneous mutations?
They are caused by intrinsic replication errors
What is disruptive selection?
When there is pressure against the average and the two extremes are favoured
Example: in coho, salmon, large hook nose, managed to protect and pass on their genes, the Jack males can sneak in and pass on their genes, but the midsize males have low fitness due to their size
What is the definition of vestigial homologies?
The studio homologies are structural remnants reduced from disuse, an example would be the back legs of whales or goosebumps on humans. They are no longer needed so they have been reduced.
What is the definition of developmental homologies?
They are embryonic structures that may disappear. An example would be tales on human foetuses which disappeared during our development.
What molecular evidence prove similarities between species?
The molecular evidence that prove similarities between species are protein, sequences, RNA sequences and DNA sequences
Cytochrome C is an example as it is found in organisms, we have zero meaning acid differences from chimpanzees, but 20 years from the bullfrog and 42 from yeast
What are analogous structures?
Analogous structures are similar evolved traits that did not come from the same ancestor and example would be dolphins and ichthysaurus, they did not come from the same ancestor, but they do have similar structures
Who was Darwin influenced by and what do they say about the Earth?
Darwin was influenced by geologists, they say that the Earth is old and that it is constantly active due to the movement of tectonic plates
What do the branches on a species tree mean?
The branches on a species tree mean new species has occurred a split from the main line means a new species
What do mutations change what are the different types of mutations?
Mutations change, alleles, the two types of mutations are somatic mutations and gametic mutations. Somatic ones happen in the cells of the body, gametics ones happen in the cells that produce gametes
What is energy allocation?
It is when energy is placed into different things, energy is spent on 3 things; growth, survival, and reproduction
What is directional selection?
When one extreme is a favourable phenotype that increases in frequency where the other extreme decreases
What is stabilizing selection?
When the average is the favourable phenotype and the extremes are selected against
