Human Development Across the Lifespan > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is developmental science?

A

the study of constancy & change throught the lifespan

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2
Q

What is a theory?

A

An orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explans, & predicts behavior

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3
Q

Basic Issues: CONTINOUS or Discontinuous?

A

Continuous:

  • consistency
  • a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there, to begin with
  • e.g. like a tree (growth process is the same)
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4
Q

Basic Issues: Continuous or DISCONTINUOUS?

A

Discontinuous:

  • change
  • a process in which new ways of understanding & responding to the world emerge at specific times
  • e.g. like a butterfly (grows & undergoes different stages)
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5
Q

Basic issues: One course of development or many?

A

unique combos of personal environmental circumstances can result in different paths of change

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6
Q

Basic Issues: NATURE vs. nurture

A
  • genetic inheritance

- biological givens

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7
Q

Basic Issues: nature vs. NURTURE

A
  • physical & social world influences these experiences
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8
Q

Stability

A
  • persistence of individual differences

- lifelong patterns etablished by early experiences

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9
Q

Lifespan Perspective: Development is…

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. lifelong
  2. multidimensional & multidirectional
  3. influenced by multiple interaccting forces
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10
Q

Plasticity

A
  • development is open to change

- change occurs based on influential experiences

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11
Q 
Periods of Development:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
A
  1. Prenatal
  2. Infancy & toddlerhood
  3. Early childhood
  4. Middle childhood
  5. Adolescence
  6. Early adulthood
  7. Middle adulthood
  8. Late adulthood
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12
Q

Periods of Development: Prenatal

A

conception to birth

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13
Q

Periods of Development: Infancy & toddlerhood

A

birth to 2 years

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14
Q

Periods of Development: Early childhood

A

2 to 6 years

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15
Q

Periods of Development: Middle Childhood

A

6 to 11 years

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16
Q

Periods of Development: Adolescence

A

11 to 18 years

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17
Q

Periods of Development: Early adulthood

A

18 to 40 years

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18
Q

Periods of Development: Middle adulthood

A

40 to 65 years

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19
Q

Periods of Deveopment; Late adulthood

A

65 years+

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20
Q

Major Domains of Development:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Physical
  2. Cognitive
  3. Socioemotional
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21
Q

What is determined by heredity?

A

an individual’s characteristics

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22
Q

What is resilience?

A

the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development

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23
Q

Influences on Development:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Age
  2. History
  3. Nonnormative influences
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24
Q

What is something that can be modified through caregiving experiences?

A

an individual’s personality

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25
Resilience factos include:
- personal characteristics - warm parental relationship - social support outside the family - community resources & opportunities
26
Early Scientific Theories: 1. 2. 3.
1. Theory of evolution (Darwin) 2. Normative approach (Hall, Gesell) 3. Mental testing movement (Binet)
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Early Scientific Theories: Theory of evolution (Darwin)
- natural selection | - survival of the fittest
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Early Scientific Theories: Normative approach ( Hall, Gesell)
- child study movement - development as a maturational process - age-related averages
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Early Scientific Theories: Mental testing movement (Binet)
- first successful intelligence test | - sparked interest in individual differences in development
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Mid-twentieth-century theories: Psychoanalytic Perspective (Freud & Erikson)
- personality development is influenced by how children resolve conflicts between biological drives & social expecations
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Freud's Three Parts of the Personality: 1. 2. 3.
1. ID 2. Ego 3. Superego
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Freud's Three Parts of the Personality: ID
ID: - unconscious - present at birth - biological needs/ desires
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Freud's Three Parts of the Personality: EGO
EGO: - conscious - rational part of personality - emerges in early infancy - redirects ID impulses in acceptable ways
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Freud's Three Parts of the Personality: SUPEREGO
SUPEREGO: - the conscience - develops from ages 3-6 through interactions with caregivers
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``` Freud's Psychosexual Stages: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ```
1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital
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Behaviorism & Social Learning Theory: 1. 2. 3.
1. Classical conditioning 2. Operant conditioning 3. Social learning theory
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Behaviorism & Social Learning Theory: Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning: | - stimulus-response
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Behaviorism & Social Learning Theory: Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning: - reinforcers - punishments
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Behaviorism & Social Learning Theory: Social Learning Theory
Social Learning Theory: - modeling - observational learning
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Piaget's Cognitive- Developmental Theory:
- actively construct knowledge by exploring their world - mental structures adapt to better fit with environment - development moves through 4 broad stages
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``` Piaget's four broad stages: 1. 2. 3. 4. ```
1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete operational 4. Formal operational
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Piaget's four broad stages: Sensorimotor
- birth to 2 years | - infants use senses & movement to explore
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Piaget's four broad stages: Preoperational
- 2 to 7 years - use symbols - develop language - make-believe play - lack logic
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Piaget's four broad stages: Concrete operational
- 7 to 11 years | - reasoning becomes logical & better organized
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Piaget's four broad stages: Formal operational
- 11 years+ - use hypotheses &b deduction - can evaluate logic of verbal statements
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Information Processing:
- development as a continuous process - view of the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system - input = experiences - output = behavioral response
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Developmental (COGNITIVE) Neuroscience:
- study relationship between: - brain activity - cognitive processing - behavior patterns - incorporates psychology, biology, neuroscience, medicine
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Developmental (SOCIAL) Neuroscience:
- relationship between brain activity and emotional & social development - e.g. adolescent's risk-taking behavior
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Ethology & Evolutionary Development Psychology: * the study of _______
- the study of adaptive/survival value of behavior
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Acquisition of adaptive behaviors: Critical Period
Critical Period: | - biologically prepared to acquire adaptive behaviors during limited time span
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Acquisition of adaptive behaviors: Sensitive period
Sensitive Period: - optimal time - especially responsive to environmental influences
52
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory:
- transmission to the next generation of a culture's values, beliefs, customs, & skills
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Cooperative dialogues:
- between children & knowledgeable members of society is necessary
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Common Research Methods:
1. Systematic observation 2. Self-reports 3. Case study method 4. Ethnography
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Systematic Observation: Naturalistic Observation
- observation of behavior in natural contexts | - reflects participants' everyday lives
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Systematic Observation: Structured Observation
- observation behvaior in lab | - gives all participants opportunity to display behavior
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Self- Reports: Clinical Interview
- conversational style - participant's pov - lots of info in short period
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Self-Report: Structured Interview
- all participant's ask the same questions | - comparisons
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Clinical/ Case Study Method:
- full pitcutre of individual's psycholoical functioning - combines info from interviews, observations, test scores, artifacts - conclusions prob only generalized for peope studied
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Ethnography:
- participant observation of cuture or social group
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What is a genotype?
- genetic info | - contains expressed & unexpressed characterisitics
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What is a phenotype?
- observable characteristics
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What is DNA?
chemical substances that make up chromosomes
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What are chromosomes?
- rodlike structures (in cells) | - store and trasnmit genetic info
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What are genes?
- segements of DNA | - locatred along chromosomes
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How many chromosomes ( + pairs) does one human cell have?
- 46 chromosomes | - (26 chromosome pairs)
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What is mitosis?
- when DNA duplicates itself | - produces new body cells containing same genetic info
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What are autosomes?
- 22 pairs of chromosomes (not sex cells)
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What do sex chromosomes do?
determines sex of baby
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Sex chromosomes: - XX = ________ - XY = ________
- XX = female | - XY = male
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What are gametes?
- sex cells: sperm & ovum
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What are zygotes?
- sperm & ovum untied
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What is meiosis?
- when gametes (sex cells) are formed | - halves the # of cell chromosomes present
74
Meiosis: what happens when there's an exchange of chromosome segments?
- genetic variability | - chromosomal defects
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Twins: Fraternal/ Dizygotic
- two zygots or fertilized ova | - most common
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Twins: Fraternal/ Dizygotic | - Major causes:
- older maternal age - fertility drugs - in vitro fertilization
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Twins: Identical/ Monozygotic
- when a single zygote sperates from two individuals
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What are alleles?
- two forms of the same gene, one inherited from each parent
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What are homozygous alleles?
- when both alleles are alike
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What are heterozygous alleles?
- when both alleles are different
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Dominant-recessive inheritance:
- only the dominant allele affects children's phentotypic characteristics - carriers: heterozygous (1 recessive allele that can be passed on to children)
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What is an x-linked inheritance?
when a harmful alleles is carried on the X chromosome
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What is an x-linked inheritance?
when a harmful alleles is carried on the X chromosome
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What is mutation?
- when harmful genes are created
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Types of mutation: Germline mutation
- takes place in the cells that give rise to gametes
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Types of mutations: Somatic mutation
- when normal body cells mututate | - can occur at any time of life
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Types of mutations: Somatic mutation
- when normal body cells mututate | - can occur at any time of life
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What is polygenic inheritance?
- characterisitics influenced by many genes - height - weight - intelligence - personality
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Chromosomal abnormalities: Down syndrome
- results when 21st chromosome pair fails to separate during meiosis
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Chromosomal abnormalities: Sex chromosome abormalities
- caused by problems with X or Y chromosome - often not recognized until adulthood - specific intellectual problems
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What is genetic counseling?
- helps couples choose best course of action in view of risks & family goals
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When is genetic counseling recommended?
- when a couple has difficulties conceiving - when known genetic problems exist - when either parent is 35+
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Types of reproductive technologies:
1. donor insemination 2. in vitro fertilzation 3. surrogate motherhood 4. new technologies
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Types of prenatal diagnostic methods:
1. maternal blood analysis 2. fetoscopy 3. ultrasound
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Fetal medicine:
- drug administration to fetus - surgery - blood transfusions - bone marrow transplants
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Fetal medicine risks include:
- complications | - usually premature labor or miscarriage
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What are some environmental contexts for development?
1. family influences 2. socioeconomic status (SES) 3. neighborhoods, schools, cities 4. cultural influences
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Family influences on development: INDIRECT
Indirect: third parties e.g. healthy marriage fosters child, effective coparenting
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Family influences on development: DIRECT
Direct: two-person relationships e.g. parent, sibling, marital spouse
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Family influences on development: Adapting to changes within & outside family
eg. birth of a baby
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Socioeconomic status (SES) combines which three relatable variables? 1. 2. 3.
1. years of education (social status) 2. prestige of one's job & kills required (social status) 3. income (economis status)
102
What are some things that socioeconomic (ses) status is linked to?
- timing of marriage & parenthood - family size - values & expectations - communication & discipline style - parent's education & economic security - children's physical, cognitive, & social development
103
Behavioral Genetics: How much does heredity contribute to behavior?
Heritability Estimates: - measures which indivudal differences in complex traits are due to heredity
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What is Gene- Environment Correlation?
- the ways in which our genes influences the environments to which we are exposed
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Passive Correlation:
- when parents provide environments influenced by their own heredity
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Evocative correlation:
- when children evoke responses infuenced by the child's heredity
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Active correlation:
- when children actively seek environments that fit with their genetic tendencies
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Active correlation: Niche-picking:
- the tendency to actrively choose environments that complement our heredity
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What is epigensis:
- developments results from bidirectional exchnages between heredity & all levels of environment - genes affect behavior & experiences - experiences & behavior affect gene expression
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What is conception?
- when the ovum releases from one of the ovaries once every 28 days - sperm & ovum unite - most conceptions result from intercourse on day of ovulation or two days preceding it
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What are the three periods of prenatal development? 1. 2. 3.
1. Germinal (2 weeks) 2. Embryonic (6 weeks) 3. Fetal (30 weeks)
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Period of Prental Development: Germinal
- fertilization | - development of feeding & protective structures
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Period of Prenatal Development: Embryonic
- groundwork for all body structures (cns, muscles, etc.) | - herat begins pupming blood
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Period of Prenatal Development: Fetal
- "growth & finishing" phase - begins at 3rd month - 2nd trimester (12th-20th week) - 3rd trimester (22-26 weeks)
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What are tertogens?
- environmental agents that cause damage during the prenatal period
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Examples of teratogenic substances?
- drugs - prescription - nonpresecription - illegal - cocain & heroin - marijuana
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Tertogens: Alcohol disorders
- FASD: fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - FAS: fetal alcohol syndrome - p-FAS: partial fetal alcohol syndrome - ARND: alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder
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Teratogenic substances: Drugs (Prescription)
- thalidomide - isotretinoin - missing limbs - abnormalities
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Teratogenic substances: Drugs (Nonprescription)
- aspirin | - low birth weight, etc.
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Teratogenic substances: Drugs (Illegal)
- cocain & heroin - prematurity - low birth weight - physical defects - breathing difficulties - promblems with: - motor skills - language - attention & memory - impulse control
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Tertogenic substances: Drugs (Illegal)
-marijuana - attention - memory - academic achievement difficulties - impulsivity - depression & aggression
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Teratogens: Tobacco & passive smoking
- low birth weight - prematurity - miscarriage
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Examples of tertogens:
- tobacco & passive smoking - alcohol - radiation - pollution - infectious diseases
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Tertogens: Radiation (ionizing radiation)
- miscarriage - underdeveloped brains - physical deformities - childhood cancer
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Teratogens: Pollution
- physical deformities - mental retardation - abnormal speech
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Teratogens: Infectious diseases
- Rubella: - mental retardation - deafness - heart abnormalities - HIV & AIDS: - if untreated, infant death by 3
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Tertogenic Effects?
``` depends on: - dose - heredity - presence of other negative influences - age & prenatal sensitive periods ``` * delayed health effects may show up decades later *
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What are some other maternal factors that can occur in prenatal development?
- nutrition/ malnutrition - emotional stress - maternal age - lack of prenatal health care
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Things to monitor & the importance of prenatal care?
- monitor general health | - treat complications
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What are the stages of childbirth? 1. 2. 3.
1. dilation & effacement of the cervix 2. delivery of the baby 3. delivery of the placenta
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What & when is the APGAR scale used?
- assess newborn's physical condition | - right after birth
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What does APGAR stand for?
``` (A) pperance (P) ulse (G) rimace (A) ctivity (R) espiration ```
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Birth complications
- Anoxia: oxygen deprivation | - Breech position
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What are some medical interventions during childbirth?
- labor & delivery meds - epidural, analgesia, other anesthetics - c-section
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What does "preterm baby" mean?
- borth 3 weeks or more before due date
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What does "small-for-date baby" mean?
- below expected weight for length of pregnancy - can be preterm or full- term baby
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Interventions for preterm infants include?
- temperature-controlled isolette - repirator - feeding tube - special simulation - gentle rocking - visual/auditory stimulation - touch (skin-to-skin) - parent in training in infant caregiving helps in development
138
What are some newborn reflexes?
- eye blink - rooting - sucking - moro - palmar grasp - tonic neck - stepping - babinski * tested to reveal health of baby's nervous system*
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Newborn Reflexes: Babinski
- toe reflexes | - when bottom foot is stroked
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Newborn Reflexes: Moro
- sudden loud noise + movement
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Newborn Reflexes: Rooting
- when baby's cheek is stroked + head (turn) movement
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Newborn Reflexes: Tonic neck
- cling to caregiver | - embracing motion
Human Development Across the Lifespan
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