1
Q
Berthold was the first to do what?
A
Perform an endocrinology experiment
2
Q
What is the relationship between hormones and behaviors?
A
They influence the likelihood that a behavior will occur (bidirectional)
3
Q
What are the 4 ways we examine behaviors?
A
“How” or proximate questions
- mechanism
- development
“Why” or ultimate questions
- evolution
- function
4
Q
What are the ethical considerations that we use when doing endocrinology research on animal models?
A
- Replace: can the model system be done on a computer (anything besides an animal)
- Reduce: structure the experiment in a way that will use the least number of animals possible
- Refine: structure the experiment in a way that will least harm the animals (welfare)
5
Q
Types of Manipulations
A
- Ablation and Replacement
- Pharmacological Techniques
- Genetics
6
Q
Types of Measurements
A
- Quantities
- Locations
- Connections
7
Q
Ablation and Replacement
A
- not very refined
- ablation: removal of a suspected source of hormone or the suspected target tissue
Framework:
1. Source/target removed
2. Measure the behavior of interest to see the effect of ablation
3. Replace/bring back online
4. Observe behaviors to see effects of returning hormone/tissue
8
Q
Pharmacological Manipulations
A
- uses specific chemical agents to stimulate or inhibit endocrine function
- Agonist: mimics the effects of the hormone
- Antagonist: blocks the effect of the hormone
9
Q
Genetic Manipulations
A
- transgenic mice
- gene silencing and activation
- gene transfection
10
Q
Genetic Manipulations
A
- transgenic mice
- gene silencing and activation
- gene transfection
11
Q
Quantities
A
- RIA (Radioimmunoassay)
- ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
- Blot Tests
- Gene Expression
12
Q
Location
A
- Immunohistochemistry and Immunocytochemistry
- Autoradiography
- Brain Imaging
13
Q
Connection
A
- Tract Tracing
-> can be anterograde or retrograde
14
Q
Intracrine Mediation
A
- intracrine substances regulate intracellular events
15
Q
Autocrine Mediation
A
- autocrine substances feed back to influence the same cells that secreted them
16
Q
Paracrine Mediation
A
-Paracrine cells secrete chemicals that affect adjacent cells
17
Q
Endocrine Medication
A
- endocrine cells secrete chemicals into the bloodstream, where they may travel to distant target cells
