Cathode Ray Tube
Electron is negatively charged & charge-to-mass ratio.
High voltage between two electrodes, particle from negative to positive electrode.
Milikin’s oil drop
electron mass and charge
oil droplets through hole, droplets get electrons from ionizing radiation.
Plum Pudding Model
Rough atom schematic
Negative electrons within positively charged sphere
Gold Foil Experiment(try confirm plum)
Discovery of nucleus
Alpha particles through golf foil, many particle deflected at nucleus.
Pure substance
Element + compounds
Mixture
Combination of pure substance where each component is chemically unique.
Heterogenous Mixture
no uniform composition or fixed ratio of components
Homogenous Mixture
substance where different elements/compounds have definite ratios but not chemically bonded.
Metal
1A-6A, staircase except Ge, Sb
Shiny, high conductibility, malleable, high m.p. & b.p., solid @ room temp except Hg
Nonmetals
Typically low conductibility, typically brittle, low M.P. & B.P., many are gases at r.t.
Metalloids
In between characteristics with metals & nonmetals
- B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At
Main group
A’s
Transition group
B’s
Alkali Metals
1A, soft, shiny, conductibility, reactive with water.
Alkaline Metals
2A, not as reactive as 1A, basic solutions in water
Transition Metals
3B-8B, all metals, high density & b.p.
Lanthanides
Elements 57-71
Actinides/Actinoids
Elements 89-103, radioactive
Groups 3A-6A
Boundary between metals/nonmetals, contains metalloids
Halogens
7A, reactive, some diatomic molecules
Noble Gases
8A, Unreactive
Dimensional Analysis with cubed units
Use regular conversion factor but add cube outside parenthesis of factor.
micro prefix
10^-6
nano prefix
10^-9
