What purposes do natural history collections have
They provide preserved specimens to be studied by scientists working on other projects; studying natural history collections can allow new discoveries by this method to collect new data. Natural history collections can also provide holotypes which can help identify/name other found samples
What is the purpose and scope of the rules of biological nomenclature? what do the rules regulate
System of scientic names for taxa such as species, genera, or familes, and the rules and conversation for the formation, treatment, and use of those names. Genus upper case name, specific epithet lowercase, then in parenthesis Author and year. Unique name for every sp ecies. rules cover how we name, but now what we named. Nomenclature provides stability and clarity, universality and uniqueness.
Regulated by Priority- first published name is correct one to use (exccept when not)
availability- properly published name is “avaliable”
Validity- correct name to use Holotype is name bearing specimin
Using an example derived form class materials, explain how a natural history approach to studying the living world benefits people
Vaccine research- a large amount of disease in humans comes from animals. An example of this is zooplankton whose blooms correspond with a disease outbreak in humans. using a natural history approach to monitor this outbreak helps to track when outbreaks will occour
describe how insects and all other arthropods are anatomically different from typical vertebrates like humans
Arthropods are “upside down and inside out” meaning they have a ventral nerve cord and a dorsal heart and also have hemolymph instead of blood. Arthropods all share in common their exoskeleton, and are segmented. Humans do not have exoskeletons nor are segmented
Discuss four attributes of insects that are thought to be proximal causes of their observed high species diversity
-exoskeleton
-flight
-size
-metamorphosis
-flight and size allows them to disperse and find new niches and take advantage of resources. For example, many insects can fit in tree, but elephant cant. their metamorphosis allows them to have a more flexible development and also modularity. The exoskeleton provides insects with protection, nutrients, respiration, mating, physical protection, environmental control, and selective permeability, and mobility and movement
compare each of the major life stages/instars of a complete metamorphosis insect in terms of their activities and major roles during the life of an insect
A complete metamorphosis insect has four major instars, egg, larva, pupa and adult. The egg instar is entirely affected by fertilization, placement, and timing, while the larval instar focuses on feeding and growth. The pupa stage is a major transformation , and also focuses on timing. It is important that when the adult emerges, it is near other adults of the same species. The adult instar focuses on dispersal and mating
importance of each life stage
Egg- initial development, quiescence, emerging timing
Juvenile (aka larva, nymph, naiad, subimago)- feeding, growth
pupa: quiescence, emergence, tming, shape-change
adult- sex, egg laying, and dispersal
what are the steps in insect growth
Ecdysis - process of shedding old exoskeleton
Instars
and Molting
Molting process
-grow inside cuticle
-make new cuticle (soft)
-digest part of old cuticle
-split old cuticle
-emerge and expand
-sclerotize cuticle (hard/dry)
compare the types of insect metamorphosis
none(ametabolous)
-special kind of incomplete with almost no change except size at each instar
size increases anda t some point, gonads mature
-growth and molts may continue after maturation
-usually early branching groups
Incomplete metamorphosis (hemimetabolous)
-gradual change in each stage
-no pupal stage
-external wing pads visible
-instars = egg, nymph, adult
-Hemiptera true bugs
-Odonata dragonflies
Complete metamorphosis (Holometabolous)
-form of immature stages differs radically from adult
-quiescent pupal stage
-wings are only present as an internal group of cell sin larvae that develop in the adult
discuss and provide exmples of both insect primary and secondary sexual characters
Primary sexual characters are gonads genitalia; essential organs necessary for reproduction, directly involved in producing gametes
Secondary sexual characters are sexual dimorphism, for example, horns on big horn sheep, larger horns on male beetles, size differences between sexes, etc. these r characteristics that differentiate males and females, and aid in attraction/competition for sex, but arent direclty involved
discuss the hypothesized costs and benefits of sexual reproduction in insects
costs
-costly to find a partner or attract them to copulate
-increased preditation risk
-not collecting resources
-STDS
-males
-competition for resources
-inefficient gene transfer with no sucess guranttee
-mixing with unknown genes
benefits
-allows surival of at least some offspring in a changing or unpredibtable environment
-recombination
-in long rn, millions of years, is sucessful
Odonata
dragonflies and damselflies
-aquatic juveniles
-predacious
-males have two kidns of genitalia in diff places on their bodies
-very large eyes
-2 pairs of wigns, horizontal or straight above body
Hemiptera
true bugs
-one of big 5, about 80,000 species
-many are plant feeding, some predators
-aphid poo, honeydew, eaten by some ants taht tend to them
-piercing, sucking, mouthparts
Coleoptera
beetle!
-biggest of big 5, more than 350000
-occour in virtually every conceivable habitat
-includes the most massive and nearly tiniest of insects
-tiny betteles that live in pores in fungus
-forewings modified into hard covers called elytra.
Lepidoptera
moths and butterflies
-another big 5
-most are night flying moths, only about 17000 butterflies
-caterpillar most important stage for economic impact
-2 pairs of wings, folded roof like over body or straigth above
-wings and most of body are covered in scales/modified hairs
Hymenoptera
bees, ants, and wasps
-big 5
-most important pollinators for human crops
-only group of insects with true sting
-two pairs of wings or none
-biting chewing mouthparts
-incredible array of forms, many modified for parasitic life
Diptera
flies
-big 5 order
-very diverse
-most medically important
-disease
-only one pair flight wings
Orthoptera
grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids
-chewing mouth parts
-2 pairs of wings, membranous hind wings or no wings
-often large powerful jumping hind legs
-jerusalem cricket
-field cricket
Manthodea
mantids
-some predatory, raptoral front legs
-good camoflage
-15% sexual cannibalism in females
-big eyes
-raptoral front legs
Blattodea
cockroaches and termites
-most roaches are not pets
-termites more social than humans
-cost usa more than 5 billion
-2 pairs of wings, folded rooflike over body or no wings
-large shield like prothorax
-white “ant like” workers and flying reproductive forms
Ephemeroptera
mayflies
-aquatic juveniles
-important in freshwater ecology, indicator species
-only sub adult winged molt
-2 pairs wings, straight above body
-2 or 3 long threadlike tail filaments
-reduced mouthparts
ametabolous- no metamorphosis
special kind of incomplete with almost no change except size at each instar
-size increases and at some point, gonads mature
-growth and molts may contiue after maturation
-usually early branching groups
incomplete metamorphosis - hemimetabolous
-gradual change in each stage
-no pupal stage
-external wing pads visible
-instars = egg, nymph, adult
Hemiptera: true bugs
Odonata: dragonflies
Hemiptera: aphids
Complete metamorphosis - Holometabolous
form of immature stages differs radically from adult
has quiescent pupal stage
-wings are only present as an internal group of cells in larvae that develop in the adult
