1
Q
At which point does the CR enter the body for the AP axial projection(Ferguson Method) of the lumbosacral junction?
A
5cm (2 in) inferior to the ASIS
2
Q
Which respiration phase is used for the “open mouth” AP projection of the atlas and axis?
A
Softly pronate “ah” during the exposure
3
Q
At which spinal level is the CR directed for a lateral thoracic spine?
A
T7
4
Q
Which line or plane is placed perpendicular to the table top for the AP axial cervical vertebrae?
A
The occlusal plane
5
Q
Which phase of respiration is used for a hyper-flexion or hyperextension lateral cervical spine?
A
Suspend respiration
6
Q
To which cervical vertebrae is the IR centered for an AP axial cervicall spine?
A
Fourth
7
Q
At which structure does the vertebral column articulate with the hip bone
A
Sacroiliac joint
8
Q
Which vertebra contains both an anterior and a posterior arch?
A
Cervical
9
Q
Which devices should be used to improve image quality on the lateral projection of the sacrum or coccyx?
A
Sheet of leaded rubber and close collimation
10
Q
To which structure should the center of the IR be positioned for the “open mouth” AP projection of the atlas and axis?
A
C-2
11
Q
Which postioning maneuver helps to reduce the lordotic curvature of the lumbar spine for the AP projection?
A
Flexing the hips and knees
12
Q
In which area would the cathode end of an x-ray be placed for an AP thoracic spine to take advantage of the “heel effect” of the tube?
A
Toward the feet
13
Q
To which cervical vertebra is the IR centered for a later cervical spine (Grandy Method)?
A
Fourth
14
Q
How many tier, or moveable, vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?
A
24
15
Q
Which structures are demonstrated in the lateral projection of the T-Spine?
A
Open intervertebral joint spaces and Ribs superimposed posteriorly
16
Q
Which projections of the cervical spine will demonstrate the lower five zygapophyse joints of the cervical spine?
A
Lateral, Lateral in hyperflexion, and lateral in hyperextension
17
Q
Which condition occurs when an intervertebral disk “slips” and protrudes into the vertebral canal?
A
Herniated nucleus pulposus
18
Q
Which devices are necessary to obtain image quality on a lateral projection of the thoracic spine?
A
Close collimation and leaded rubber sheet
19
Q
The zygapophyseal joints of the cervical spine are clearly demonstrated on which projection?
A
Lateral
20
Q
Which respiration phase is used for a lateral cervical spine?
A
Suspended respiration
21
Q
Which central-ray angle is used for the AP axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?
A
15-20 degrees cephalad
22
Q
With the patient supine, which CR angle is used for an AP axial projection of the sacrum?
A
15 degrees cephalad
23
Q
What is a function of the vertebral column that is not applicable?
A
Produces cerebrospinal fluid
24
Q
Which SID is suggested to reduce distortion of the intervertebral joint spaces of the lumbar spine for an AP projection?
A
48 in
25
Which term denotes an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine?
Scoliosis
26
To which spinal level is the CR directed for an AP lumbosacral spine?
Iliac crests
27
Which projection is essential when demonstrating the zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine?
AP oblique
28
Which alternate method of positioning of the CR would be used for the L5-S1 lateral projection?
Parallel with the inter iliac line
29
Which measure will prevent the AEC detector from prematurely terminating the exposure during a lateral lumbar spine?
Placing a sheet of lead rubber on the table behind the patient
30
The intervertebral foramina of the thoracic spine are clearly demonstrated on which projection?
Lateral
31
To which cervical vertebra is the CR directed for the AP axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?
C-4
32
The zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine form an angle of how many degrees from the posterior MSP?
30-60
33
Which vertebra is refers to as the vertebra prominens?
C-7
34
Which term denotes the short, thick processes that project posteriorly on each side of a vertebral body?
Pedicles
35
With the patient supine, which CR angle would be used for an AP axial projection of the coccyx?
10 degrees caudal
36
The zygapophyseal joints of the vertebral column are classified as which type of joint?
Synovial gliding
37
Which CR centering point would be used for the L5-S1 lateral projection?
2in posterior to the ASIS and 1.5 in below the iliac crest
38
Which CR centering point is required for an AP oblique lumbar spine?
2 in medial to the elevated ASIS and 1-1.5 in above the iliac crest
39
Which vertebral process projects posteriorly from the junction of the laminae and pedicles?
Spinous process
40
Which CR angle is used for the PA axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?
15-20 degrees caudad
41
To which spinal level is the CR directed for the lateral projection of the cervicothoracic region ( swimmers technique)
C7-T1 interspace
42
The swimmers technique demonstrates the cervicothoracic region in which projection?
Lateral
43
To which cervical vertebra is the CR directed for a lateral cervical spine?
Fourth
44
The articulations between the sacrum and the ilia (SI Joint) forms an angle of how many degrees?
25-30
45
Which method is used to evaluate the thoracic and lumbar spine during scoliosis radiography?
Ferguson
46
Which large winglike mass can be found on each side of the sacral base?
Ala
47
Which respiration phase would be used for the AP oblique projection of the lumbar spine?
Expiration
48
Which projections will demonstrate the right SI joint?
AP oblique, LPO and PA oblique, RAO
49
In reference to the ASIS, which CR entrance would be used for a lateral coccyx?
3.5 in posterior to the ASIS and 2in inferior
50
At birth how many vertebrae make up the vertebral column?
33
51
True or False. For lateral projection of the thoracic spine, the CR is perpendicular to T7
True
52
True or False. For an AP projection of the thoracic spine, exposure is made after breathing is suspended at the end of expiration
True
53
In which direction is the CR oriented for an “open mouth” AP projection of the atlas and axis
Perpendicular though the open mouth
54
If the lumbar spine cannot be adjusted so it is horizontal for the lateral projection, the CR should be at which angle
5 degrees men, 8 degrees women, caudad
55
Which CR position is used for a lateral coccyx?
3.5 in posterior to ASIS and 2in inferior
56
Which method or technique will demonstrate the cervicothoracic region in the lateral projecion?
Swimmers technique
57
At which point does the CR enter the patient for an AP axial projection of the sacrum?
2in superior to the pubic symphysis
58
Which CR angle would be used for an AP axial of cervical vertebrae?
15 to 20 degrees cephalad
59
Which CR angulation is required for the AP projection of the dens, Fuchs method?
0 degrees
60
Which changes can a novice technologist make to improve the radiographic quality of a suboptimal images of the thoracic spine?
Place sheet of leaded rubber on the table behind the patient and Close collimation
61
Which postioning error causes the base of the skull to superimpose the dens on an AP open-mouth C-spine projection?
The neck is hyperextedended
62
At which cervical vertebra is the CR centered for a hyperflexion or hyperextension lateral cervical spine?
Fourth
63
What breathing techniques can be used for a lateral projection of the thoracic vertebrae?
Suspend respiration or rapid shallow panting
64
For the cervicothoracic region lateral projection (swimmers technique) the recommended position for the humeral head closest to the IR is move in which direction?
Anteriorly
65
At which location does the CR enter the patient for an AP axial projection of the coccyx?
2 in superior to the pubic symphysis
66
How may foramina are in each cervical vertebra?
Three
67
Which intervertebral foramina are demonstrated on an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical spine?
Those farthest from the IR
68
Which term denotes the thick columns formed by the superior and inferior articulate processes of the cervical spine?
Articular pillars
69
The intervertebral joints of the spinal column are classified as which type of joint?
Cartilaginous symphysis
70
At which vertebra does the CR exit for the AP axial oblique projection to demonstrate the cervical spine pillars and laminae?
C7
71
Which method is used to demonstrate the density of within the foramen magnum?
Fuchs
72
On which surface is the articulating facet on the superior articular process of the vertebrae located?
Posterior
73
Which vertebral areas have a lordotic curve
Lumbar and cervical
74
To which degree is the body roatated for an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?
45
75
The vertebral foramen of the first cervical vertebra contains which structures?
Dens and Spinal Cord
76
How many degrees is the body rotated for the AP oblique projection of the SI joint?
25-30
77
Which CR angle is used for an AP oblique sacroiliac joint
0 degrees
78
Which degree range would be the average range of the angle of the L-1-L3 zygapophyseal joints
0 to 30
79
Which projections of the lumbar spine displays the vertebrae in the form of a Scottie dog?
AP oblique and PA oblique
80
At which spinal level is the IR centered for an AP projection of the lumbosacral spine
The iliac crests
81
the intervertebral foramina of the thoracic spine form an angle of how many degrees with the MSP
90
82
Which CR angulation is used for an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical spine on a truma patient
30 to 40 degrees caudad
83
Which advantages of PA projection over AP projection of the lumbar spine are correct?
It places the intervertebral disk spaces almost parallel to the divergent beam of radiation and it reduces radiation does to the patient
84
Which projection is recommended to demonstrate the cervial vertebral arches or pillars when the patient cannot hyperextend the neck?
AP axial oblique with right and left head rotation
85
Which line must be perpendicular to the IR for the AP “open mouth” atlas and axis?
A line drawn from the lower edge of the upper incisors to the tip of the mastoid process
86
Which zygapophyseal joints are demonstrated on the AP oblique projection of the lumbar spine?
Joints closest to the IR
87
Which action should be performed to palce the back in contact with the table for an AP thoracic spine?
Flex the hips and flex the knees
88
If a lead rubber sheet is not placed on the table when performing a lateral projection of the thoracic spine, the image may have which issue?
Underexposed
89
The zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic spine form an angle of how many degrees with the MSP?
70-75
90
In which position are the lower limbs for the AP axial projection(Ferguson method) of the lumbosacral junction?
Extended
91
At which place is the longitudinal plane of the lumbar spine positioned for the AP oblique projection?
2 in medial to the elevated ASIS
92
To which cervical vertebra is the IR centered for a hyperflexion or hyperextension lateral projection of the cervical spine?
Fourth
93
Which term denotes the second cervical vertebra?
Axis
94
Which positioning error causes the upper incisors to superimpose the dens on an AP open-mouth C-Spine projection?
The neck is hyperflexed
95
Which plane is placed perpendicular to the tabletop and centered to the midline of the grid for a lateral lumbar spine?
MCP
96
When a lateral projection of the thoracic spine form a patient with an abnormal growth in the upper area reveals that the upper aspect is obscured by the patients shoulders, which change will best demonstrate this region of the spine
Perform the cervicothoracic(swimmers) lateral projection
97
Which CR angle would be used for a lateral coccyx and sacrum
0
98
For which projection is the patient instructed to softly phonate “ah” during exposure?
AP “open mouth” atlas and axis
99
How many degrees is the body rotated from the lateral postion to demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic region?
15-20
100
Which term denotes the space surrounded by the vertebral body and vertebral arch?
Vertebral foramen
101
In which postion should the arms be placed for a lateral projection of t the thoracic spine?
At right angles to the long axis of the body
102
Which CR angulation is used for the lateral projection of the thoracic spine if the vertebral column is not elevated to a horizontal plane?
10-15 degrees cephalad
103
Which degree range would be the average range of the angle of the L5-S1 zygapophyseal joints?
45-60
104
How many degrees should the MSP of the patient be rotated to demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine?
45
105
When imaging only the lumbar vertebrae(not the lumbosacral region) in the AP projection, how many inches above the iliac crest would the CR be directed?
1.5
106
The swimmers technique lateral projection is performed to demonstrate which spinal region?
Cervicothoracic vertebrae
107
For the AP axial C-spine radiograph, which results demonstrate no rotation on the image?
Spinous processes equidistant to the pedicles, Spinous processes aligned with the midline of the cervical bodies
108
Which term denotes the condition of the lumbar spine in which there is anterior displacement of one vertebra over another?
Spondylolisthesis
109
How many thoracic vertebrae have a small concave facet on the transverse process, for articulation with the tubercle of a rib?
10
110
Which term denotes an abnormal increase in convexity of the thoracic spine?
Kyphosis
111
Which respiration phase is used for an AP or PA axial oblique projection of the cervical spine?
Suspend respiration
112
Which joint of the vertebral column is not synovial-freely movable?
Intervertebral
113
Which CR angle is used for the lateral projection of the cervicothoracic region (swimmers technique) when the shoulder can be depressesd?
0
114
Which central-ray angle would be used when, occasionally, a patient has to be placed in the prone position for a sacrum radiography, an a PA is performed?
15 caudad
115
The intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine are demonstrated on which projections?
AP axial oblique and PA axial oblique
116
Spinal nerves and blood vessels exit the spinal column through which structure?
Intervertebral foramina
117
Which measures would not be used to provide an optimal image on a lateral projection of the lumbar spine?
60-72 in SID
118
Which term denotes a fracture of the anterior arch of C2 due to hyperextension?
Hangman
119
Which articulating surfaces of the articular processes of the vertebrae are covered with fibrocartiladge?
Facets
120
Which CR angle would be used for the AP axial projection (Ferguson Method) of the lumbosacral junction?
30-35 degrees cephalad
121
Which method uses a chewing motion of the mandible to demonstrate the cervical spine in an AP projection?
Ottonello
122
A typical vertebra is composed of which main parts?
Body and Vertebral Arch
123
Which intervertebral foramina are demonstrated on the PA axial oblique projection of the cervical spine?
Those closest to the IR
124
In which area would the top of the exposure field light/IR be placed for an AP projection of the thoracic vertebrae
1.5 2in below the shoulders
125
In spina bifida, which parts of the vertebral column fail to unite posteriorly?
Lamina
126
Which SID is recommended for the lateral cervical spine (Grandy Method)?
60-72 in
127
In which position is the neck for the AP axial projection of the veterebral arches (pillars)?
In hyperextension
128
On which structure is the center of the IR positioned for the AP projection of the dens, Fuchs methods?
Tip of the mastoid process
129
When viewed from the side, the vertebral column should present how many curves?
4
130
How many vertebrae are there in the sacrum?
5
131
When the shoulder is immobile and cannot be depressed sufficiently for the cervicothoracic region lateral projection (swimmers technique), the CR is angered to which degree?
3-5 caudal
132
Which C-spine projections are performed at 60-72 in SID?
AP/PA axial oblique, Lateral Grandy, Lateral “hyperflexion and extension”
133
Which term denotes the first cervical vertebra?
Atlas
134
Which CR angle would be used when, occassionally, a patient has to be placed in a PA projection of the coccyx?
10 degrees cephalic
135
On which surface is the articulating facet on the the superior articular process of the vertebrae located?
Posterior
136
For which type of body habitus is the stomach nearly vertical?
Asthenic
137
For which type of body habitus is the large intestine bunched together and positioned very low in the abdomen?
Asthenic
138
How many hour does it take barium to go through the alimentary canal and reach the rectum?
24
139
Which degree of body rotation is used for the PA oblique projection( RAO or LAO) of the large intestine?
35-45
140
At which place does the ascending portion of the colon join the transverse colon?
Right colic flexure
141
Which term denotes the opening between the small intestine and the large intestine?
Illeocecal valve
142
Which position is used for the PA oblique projection of the esophagus?
35-40 RAO
143
Which two regions of the abdomen are almost entirely occupied by the liver?
Right hypochondrium and epigastrium
144
Which projection of the stomach would be best demonstrate a diaphragmatic herniation?
AP, Trendeleburg postion
145
Which projection of the colon will best demonstrate the medial aspect of the ascending colon and the lateral aspect of the descending colon when the colon is inflated with air?
AP, right lateral decubitus
146
Which term denotes the folds of the thick inner lining of the stomach?
Rugae
147
Which patient routine best describes the administration of barium for an esophageal being performed for esophageal varices?
Exhale, swallow the barium, hold breath out
148
Which drug may be given to the patient before a double-contrast examination of the stomach to relax the gastrointestinal tract?
Glucagon
149
Which projection of the stomach demonstrates its anterior and posterior surfaces?
Lateral
150
At which level is the IR centered for delayed images of the small intestine?
Level of the iliac crests
151
In which position should the patient be placed to insert the enema tip for a barium enema?
Left semiprone oblique position
152
The function of the spleen is to produce which substance?
Lymphocytes
153
Which length of the average adult small intestine is correct?
22 feet
154
At which level is the IR centered for images of the small intestine that are taken within 30 minutes of drinking barium?
Level of L2
155
The stomach wall is composed of how many layers?
Four
156
At which level is the IR centered for the PA oblique projection of the stomach and duodenum?
L1/L2
157
Which type of examination is a specific radiographic examination of the billary ducts?
Cholangiography
158
Which gland in the body is the largest?
Liver
159
In which abdominal quadrant is the spleen located?
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Radiographic Positioning 2
flashcards
Decks in class (2)
# Cards
