PSYC355 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Probabilistic Epigenesis

A

-bidirectional influences between genes and environment
-experience can alter gene expression

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2
Q

What is the stage theory?

A

a theory that proposes that development occurs in a progression of age-related quantitative shifts

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3
Q

What does mechanism mean in developmental psych?

A

-cause
-genes, brain structures, processes & experiences/environment

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4
Q

Sociocultural Context

A

physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical circumstances making up a child’s environment

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5
Q

What are some reasons timing is important in development?

A

Vision, language, social development can only be attained during a certain period of a person’s life

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6
Q

Cross-sectional designs

A

compare behavior or characteristics of children of different ages at one point in time

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7
Q

Longitudinal Designs

A

observing the same child more than once over a long period of time

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8
Q

Cross-sequential

A

comparing the advantages of both longitudinal and cross-sectional

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9
Q

Microgenetic Designs

A

in-depth and short-term designs observing children during a transition time

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10
Q

Physiological & Neuroscience Design

A

-study physiological bases of behavior (heart rate, breathing)
-brain activity using imaging (MRI, EEG)
-fMRI and fNIRs

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11
Q

Reliability

A

independent measurements of a behavior is consisten

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12
Q

Examples of Reliability

A

-interrater reliability
-test-retest reliability
-internal consistency reliability

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13
Q

Validity

A

the degree that a test or experiment is measuring what it is supposed to measure

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14
Q

Internal vs External Validity

A

internal-trustworthiness
external-generalizability

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15
Q

What are the first 3 steps of reproduction?

A
  1. gametes (egg &sperm)
  2. meiosis (1/2 of genetic material passed on from parent)
  3. zygote (fertilized egg)
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16
Q

What are the 3 periods of prenatal development and their timeframe?

A

Germinal- conception to 2 weeks
Embryonic- 3rd to 8th week
Fetal- 9th week to birth

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17
Q

What does the support system of a fetus include?

A

-amniotic sac
-placenta
-umbilical cord

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18
Q

What are the 4 developmental processes early in the womb?

A
  1. cell division
  2. cell migration
  3. cell differentiation
  4. apoptosis (selective death for cells not in use)
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19
Q

What are behaviors that are present in a fetus at 12 weeks of age?

A

-sleep-wake cycles
-swallowing
-limbic movement
-‘breathing’

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20
Q

What are some things that the fetus can experience in the womb?

A

-tactile simulation (touch)
-smells or tastes
-response to sounds

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21
Q

Habituation

A

decreases in response to repeated or continued stimulation; being used to something

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22
Q

What are some hazards to prenatal development?

A

-miscarriage
-genetic factors
-parental factors (age, disease, stress-level, nutrition)
-environmental agents

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23
Q

What is a teratogen and examples of it?

A

-environmental agents that cause harm to a developing fetus
-environmental pollutants, drugs, tobacco, alcohol, maternal disease (mostly STDs and other viral diseases)

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24
Q

What is fetal programming and a real world application?

A

-experiences during prenatal development affects physiology in adulthood
-babies who experienced famine are likely to have diabetes

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25
What are the principles of teratogenic influences?
-timing, dose, duration, individual differences -effects are cumulative -may be difficult to determine due to sleeper effects
26
What do we know about alcohol and pregnancy?
-there is no safe time or amount to consume alcohol in pregnancy -all kinds of alcohol is harmful
27
What hazards during pregnancy is alcohol associated with?
-miscarriage -premature birth -sudden infant death syndrome -fetal alcohol syndrome
28
What are some challenges someone who has FAS may struggle with?
-cognitive difficulties (memory, language, speech) -hyperactivity/challenging behaviors -low body weight -vision and hearing problems -issues with heart, kidney, bones
29
Describe the APGAR scale
-Appearance -Pulse -Grimace -Activity -Respiration
30
What are the reflexes newborn infants are born with?
-breathing, sucking, swallowing -rooting -moro -stepping -Babinski -grasping
31
What are the 6 states of arousal for a newborn infant?
1. Active sleep 2. Quiet sleep 3. Crying 4. Active awake 5. Alert awake 6. Drowsy
32
Describe the autostimulation theory
high brain activity during REM sleep to compensate for the lack of environmental stimulus while wake
33
What are some causes of infant mortality?
-sudden infant death syndrome -socioeconomic factors (SES) -birth defects/injuries
34
What is anoxia and respiratory distress and what can it result in?
-not having enough oxygen due to umbilical cord being compressed -can result in mild/severe cognitive delays and physical disabilities
35
What classifies as a low birth weight infant? What classifies as a premature infant?
LBW: <5.5 lbs Premature: <37 weeks
36
Genotype
genetic material an individual inherits
37
Phenotype
observable expression of genotype including physical and behavioral characteristics
38
Environment
every aspect of individual, their surroundings other than genes
39
What are the 5 relations between genotype, phenotype, and environment for a child?
1. parent's genotype/child's genotype 2. environment/child's phenotype 3. child's genotype/child's phenotype 4. child's phenotype/environment 5. environment/child's genotype
40
What are the steps for the first phase of meiosis?
Prophase I- chromosomes condense, crossing over occurs Metaphase I- pairs of chromosomes move to the middle of the cell Anaphase I- matching chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell Telophase I & cytokinesis- cytoplasm divides
41
What are the steps of the second phase of meiosis?
Prophase II- spindle forms around chromosomes Metaphase II- chromosomes line up at equator Anaphase II- centrometers divide, chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell Telophase II- nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes, cytoplasm divides
42
What are some mechanisms contributing to genetic diversity?
-mutations -crossing over -random assortment
43
Norm of Reaction
same genotype can develop differently in different environments
44
Differential Susceptibility
some genes may be more sensitive to environmental influences
45
Child maltreatment and adult antisocial behavior findings
-severe maltreatment as a child increases likelihood of antisocial behavior
46
Examples of epigenetics
-diet -psychological state -drugs of abuse -weather/seasonal correlations
47
Types of family studies
-twin studies -adoption studies -adoptive twin studies
48
Heritability
proportion of the phenotype in a population that can be accounted for by the genotype
49
Purpose of Molecular Genetics
identify genes associated with behavioral characteristics and examines outcome in various environments
50
Limitations of Heritability
-indicates nothing about causes -applies only to population, not individual -differs based on a person's environment
51
Cell body
contains the basic biological material that keeps neuron functioning
52
Dendrites
receives input from other cells and conducts it toward cell body
53
Axon
conducts electrical signals to connections with other neurons
54
Synapses
connections between neurons
55
Glial Cells
provide a variety of supportive functions for neurons
56
What is the gray matter in your brain made of?
cell bodies and dendrites
57
What is the white matter in your brain made of?
neuronal axons and myelin sheath around them
58
What lobes does the cerebral cortex contain?
-occipital lobe -temporal lobe -parietal lobe -frontal lobe
59
60
What are meninges and its layers in the brain?
-protect the brain and spinal cord from disease and physical harm -dura, arachnoid, (CSF between), pia mater
61
What does the brainstem contain?
-midbrain -pons -medulla
62
Motor and sensory control and processing is mostly...
contralateral
63
the two hemispheres in the brain communicate through a dense tract of fibers called...
corpus collosum
64
Synaptogenesis
synapse formation to form connections all throughout the brain
65
Synaptic Pruning
synapses being used remain in the brain, synaptic connections not being used are pruned away
66
Myelination
fatty sheath of myelin forms around axons to increase the speed of information processing abilities
67
2 types of plasticity
-experience-expectant plasticity -experience-dependent plasticity
68
existing synapses are pruned as a function of stimulation that every human encounters
experience-expectant plasticity
69
downsides of experience-expectant plasticity
-if expected experience is unavailable development will be impaired (sensitive period)
70
new connections are formed as a function of learning
experience-dependent plasticity
71
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