1
Q
taxonomy
A
description, naming and arrangement of living organisms in an ordered system that indicates natural relationships
2
Q
importance of taxonomy
A
identify and combat harmful fungal species. distinguish invasive species from native species. understand, protect and exploit fungal diversity
3
Q
Linnaean system for classification of fungi
A
Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach
4
Q
main characteristics of fungal kingdom
A
eukaryotes, heterotroph, exodigest and absorption, unicellular and multicellular, sexual and asexual, spore producing
5
Q
exo digestion of food
A
secrete enzymes to digest organic matter externally before absorption
6
Q
chitin in cell walls
A
main polysaccharide in fungal cell walls
7
Q
ergosterol in membranes
A
characteristic sterol of fungal membranes
8
Q
glycogen as a food storage
A
in form of glycogen and lipids
9
Q
sexual and asexual reproduction
A
perfect (sexual and asexual)
imperfect (asexual)
10
Q
features of sexual and asexual reproduction
A
separated in space and time
lead to haploid or diploid, dikaryotic or multikaryotic. lead to formation of spores. holomorph is the entire fungus
11
Q
One fungus, one name
A
only one correct name will be accepted for one fungal taxon at the genus and species rank
12
Q
Zoosporic fungi
A
early lineages and aquatic fungi. produce zoospores with a single flagellum
13
Q
cryptomycota
A
parasites of other microorganisms
14
Q
microsporidia
A
unicellular intracellular parasites
15
Q
blastocladiomycota
A
mostly saprobic (decomposers)
16
Q
chytridiomycota
A
mostly saprobic (decomposers)
17
Q
zygomycotes
A
first land inhabiting fungi. most have hyphae without septa (coenocytic)
18
Q
zoopagomycota
A
mostly animal or microbe symbionts
19
Q
mucoromycota
A
mostly plant symbionts
20
Q
dikarya
A
ascomycota and basidiomycota
21
Q
ascomycetes (sac fungi)
A
largest and most diverse group of fungi. sexual rep in asci. includes yeasts
22
Q
basidiomycetes (club fungi)
A
includes most mushrooms and rusts/ smuts. sexual rep in basidia. long lived dikaryotic mycelia
23
Q
Biological Species Concept (BSC)
A
based on reproductive isolation (lack of gene flow)
24
Q
Morphological Species Concept (MSC)
A
emphasizes morphological divergence
25
Ecological Species Concept (ESC)
emphasizes adaption to an ecological niche
26
Phylogenetic Species Concept (PSC0
emphasizes nucleotide divergence
27
MSC+ ESC+PSC
combines morphological, ecological and phylogenetic species concepts to define new species
28
Pragmatic Species Concept
separated by heritable character discontinuities
29
pre zygotic isolation
refers to ecological or genetic barriers that prevents mating from occurring
30
post zygotic isolation
refers to barriers associated with unviability and sterility of hybrids
31
hybridization
hyphal fusion or interspecies mating
32
chromosomal speciation
chromosomal rearrangements that accelerate adaption and host specificity
33
genomic divergence of clonal and selfing species
aseuxal, homothallic and selfing species where variation accumulates via genetic drift
34
morphological characteristics
morphology of hyphae. types of spores and reproductive structures formed.
35
challenges of morphology based classifications
groups look similar but are unrelated. subjective and tedious
36
biochemical methods
CW components, AA synthesis pathways, sterol synthesis, secondary metabolites
37
challenges of biochemical methods
very laborious, require specialized equipment
38
molecular methods
most frequently used methods nowadays
39
fungal barcode
promote the DNA barcoding of fungi and other fungus like organisms
40
importance of fungal reproduction
promote genetic variation, limit accumulation of deleterious alleles, directly linked to virulence
41
asexual reproduction
sex cells not involved, offspring usually identical to parent fungus, many asexual cycles and often in short periods of time
42
true asexuality
loss of sexual reproduction during evolution
43
cryptic asexuality
sex is there but difficult to observe
44
advantages of asexual reproduction
energy efficient, rapid spread through environment, not dependent on others, successful genotypes preserved
45
disadvantages of asexual reproduction
slower evolution, less fit to survive in harsh conditions
46
mycelial fission
splitting of cells into 2 daughter cells by constriction and forming cell wall
47
mycelial fragmentation
fragments torn apart accidentally
48
budding
production of bud from parent cell (in yeasts)
49
production of asexual spores
5 main types based on process and type of fruiting bodies on spore
50
sporangium
formed within sporangium
51
conidia
formed exogenously in tip of conidiophores
52
clamydospores
formed within hyphae
53
blastospores
develop by budding
54
oidia/ arthrospores
formed by segmentation and condensation of hyphae
55
sexual reproduction in fungi: characteristics
compatible partners, right environment, several variations but similar processes
56
phases of sexual cycle
plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis, spore germination
57
gametes
specialized sex cells
58
gametangia
antheridium/ oogonium
59
spermatia
non-motile
60
vegetative hyphae
compatible
61
zygospores
characteristic of zygomycetes
62
ascospores
characteristic of ascomycetes
63
basidiospores
characteristics of basidiomycetes (mushrooms)
64
oospores
characteristics of oomycetes
65
MAT1-1 and MAT 1-2
transcription factors that activate rest of genes
66
homothallic
reproduces sexually by itself
67
heterothallic
2 compatible partners with gametes
68
fungal pheromones
receptors can perceive the pheromones
69
in yeast, 2 mating types of a and alpha
MAT-a secretes a factor. MAT-alpha secretes alpha factor
70
fungal pheromones characteristics
small peptides. passively transported to mating partners, produced and released in response to external conditions
71
characteristics of fungal hyphae
thing tubular structures, grow by apical extension and branching, absorb/ transport nutrients, can form more complex structures
72
hyphae in acquisition of nutrients
secrete enzymes (lipases, proteases, CAZymes)
73
apical growth: extension
hydrolyzing enzymes excreted here
74
absorption zone
nutrient uptake
75
storage zone
excess food stored here, form of glycogen
76
senescence zone
old parts of mycellium/ dead
77
consequences of hyphal compartmentalization for fungal growth and lifestyle
forward movement, maximize nutrient exploration
78
fungal cell wall functions
structural barrier against outside environment. porous and permeable. enables interactions with other organisms
79
outer layer
mannans
80
inner layer
beta 1,3/ beta 1,6 glucan, chitin
81
inner layer CW role
determine basic shape and structure
82
outer layer CW role
influence key properties such a hydrophobicity
83
fungal CW in dimorphism
reversibly change between uni and multicellular forms
84
septa
internal cross walls that divide filamentous hyphae into distinct cells/ compartments
85
woronin body
plug that prevents loss of cytoplasm
86
major components of secretory system
ER reticulum (rough and smooth), golgi apparatus and membrane bound vesicles
87
components of fungal cytoskeleton
microtubules, actin, spitzenkorper and AVC
88
microtubules
alpha and beta tubulin. one end if +, other end is -
89
actin
F and globular actin. crucial in exocytosis, endocytosis, organelle movement
90
Spitzenkorper and AVC
present in hyphal tips and responsible for hyphal tip growth and directionality
91
fungal cell membrane
semipermeable structure that enables the selective nutrient uptake for growth and reproduction
92
characteristics of fungal cell membrane
selective transport of compounds through exocytosis and endocytosis. environmental sensing and signal transduction processes
93
lipid composition
~ 50% of total mass
94
phospholipids
hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
95
sphingolipids
act as messengers in molecular recognition
96
sterol lipids
important for membrane structure
97
membrane associated proteins
contain variety of integral or peripherary proteins. 30% of all proteins
98
general functions of membrane associated proteins
transport proteins, enzymes, signal transduction proteins, anchor and cell adhesion proteins
99
membrane carbohydrates
diverse and present in small amounts
100
sphingolipid rheostat
balance between life and death. role of regulating cell survival or apoptosis
101
ceramide and sphingosine
induce cell death (apoptosis)
102
sphingosine-1-P
promotes cell survival
103
transport proteins: based on direction of transport
uniporters, symporters, antiporters
104
based on use of energy
passive and active transport systems
105
based on mode of transportation
channels (make hole or pore in CM) and carriers (remain open at one side of the membrane at any instance)
106
ATP binding cassette (ABC) transports
provide protein against toxic compounds and play a role in cell detoxification
107
promoter
region where RNA pol binds and initiates transcription
108
exons
transcribed into mRNA, translated in proteins
109
introns
non coding sequences removed by splicing
110
terminator
signals end of transcription
111
regulatory sequences
elements that control gene expression via transcription factors
112
5' and 3' UTRs
non coding mRNA regions that regulate stability, translation and localization
113
transposable elements
DNA sequences that move/ copy themselves within the genome, driving genome reorganization
114
TE general characteristics
repetitive DNA, jumping genes, promote gene plasticity, genetic variation
115
DNA transposons
most simple, cut and paste, less common in fungi
116
retrotransposons
more dangerous and active. common in fungi
117
sequence variants
SNPs: silent, missense and nonsense mutations. Indels: frameshift
118
impact of structural variants in genomes of fungal pathogens
alter large chromosomal regions and impact single gene structural variants
119
euploidy in fungi
variation in complete sets of chromosomes
120
euploidy examples
haploid 1n, diploid 2n, triploid 3n
121
aneuploidy
abnormal number of individual chromosomes
122
monosomy 2n-1
1 chromosome missing
123
trisomoy 2n+1
1 extra chromosome
124
nullisomy
2 chromosomes missing
125
ploidy changes in pathogenic fungi
changes in ploidy linked to drug resistance, altered virulence and pathogenicity
126
fungal dispensable chromosomes
non essential chromosomes present in some species that carry genes for pathogenicity, host specificity, environmental adaptation
127
features of DCs
small, gene sparse, lack essential genes, lost/ gained without large impact on fitness of outside host
128
fusarium spp
Causes disease in plant species
129
gene content in fungi
significant variation in gene numbers exists between and within fungal phyla
130
genome size in fungi and TE
genome size in fungi generally correlates positively with TE content
131
gene loss
TE insertions may disrupt coding regions
132
gene gain
TEs can add new genetic material
133
function diversification
affect gene expression, generating diversity
134
repeat induced mutations
mechanism that hypermutates repetitive DNA, leading to their inactivation
135
two speed mode
different genomic regions evolve at different rates
136
environmental stress
nutrient limitation, temperature shifts
137
host infections
during host pathogen infections
138
DNA damage
UV
139
epigenetic changes
DNA methylation or histone modifications
140
RIP characteristics
unique to ascomycete fungi, silences TE, introduced C to T mutations, inactivates/ removes TE, leakage of RIP into neighboring regions may contribute to rapid gene diversification
141
Sanger sequencing methods
1st gen sequencing (500-1000 bp)
142
next gen sequencing
illumina (50-500 bp)
143
PLP 130
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