0
Q
Working memory
A
- supports processing (manipulation)
- holds information transiently through rehearsal (maintenance)
1
Q
Two components of memory
A
- working momory/short term memory
- long term memory
2
Q
Components of working memory
A
- central executive (coordinates info and provides attentional control)
- visuospatial sketchpad (acts on visual and spatial info)
- phonological loop (operates on verbal info)
3
Q
Long Term Memory
A
- supports knowledge
4
Q
processes of LTM
A
- acquisition
- storage
- access
5
Q
Types of Long Term memory
A
- episodic memory (audobiographical)
- semantic memory (knowledge, concepts)
- lexical memory (word knowledge)
- procedural memory (skills, how to do things)
- priming
- classical conditioning
- ## non associative learning
6
Q
Priming
A
- exposed to stimulus -> changes response to it or to related stimulus
- priming results in subsequent responses that are:
1. faster
2. more accurate
3. biased in some way
7
Q
classical conditioning
A
- neutral stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus that elicits a response.
- Types:
1. emotional (little Albert)
2. skeletal (Pavlov’s dogs)
8
Q
Non Associative Learning
A
- does not require associating different stimuli
- Types:
- habituation- decrease in response with repeated exposure
- sensitization- increase in responsiveness due to repeated exposure or aversive stimulus.
- dishabituation- restoration of habituated response
9
Q
Two Categories of LTM
A
- Declarative
- Nondeclarative
- declarative and nondeclarative operate in parallel
10
Q
Declarative LTM
A
- models the external world
- is either true or false
- expressed via recollection
- detects and codes what is unique about a single event
11
Q
Nondeclarative LTM
A
- neither true nor false
- expressed through performance
- acquired without conscious awareness
12
Q
neural substrate of
a. working memory
b. short term memory
A
a. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
b. ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
13
Q
neural substrate of LTM
A
- declarative - medial temporal lobe structures, diencephalon
- nondeclarative
a. skills and habits (procedural) - basal ganglia.
b. priming - neocortex
c. classical conditioning - 1.emotional-amygdala, 2.skeletal-cerebellum
d. nonassociative learning - reflex pathways
14
Q
memory formation
A
- long term potentiation
- synapses are strengthened
- requires strong neural stimulation via repetition or salient events
15
Q
Forgetting
A
- long term depression
- synapses are weakened
16
Q
Executive functioning processes
A
- coordination and monitoring (working memory)
- inhibition (a. behavioral (self) control, b. interference control (stop distractions from own brain))
- cognitive flexibility (task switching and set switching)
17
Q
Neural substrate for executive functioning
A
- prefrontal cortex
18
Q
Executive functioning is trainable
- can be improved by..
A
- repeated practice
2. exercising/challenging the skills
19
Q
Exec. Func. Assessments
A
- may not measure what the name implies
- may differ from real world skills
20
Q
Attention
A
The ability to select some information for further processing or inhibit info from further processing
21
Q
Types of attention
A
- selective -time, space
- divided - doing more than one thing at the same time
- alternating - going back and forth between tasks
- endogenous - inside your own head (internal)
- exogenous - outside of you (external)
22
Q
Aging
A
- people differ in how they age
- genes play a role
- probably no singe cause for aging
- maximum life span potential has not changed (~120 years)
23
Q
Average life expectancy has __________
A
increased
45 years in 1900
78 years in 2010
24
well documented way to increase average life span?
- Caloric restriction
* CRON
* Fasting (1 day/week, 1 week/month..)
25
Biological theories of aging
| - free radical oxidation
- uneven # of electrons -> free radicals unstable, reactive
- to achieve stability, free radicals steal electron they need
- stealing the electron damages the cell
26
Free Radicals
- molecule of oxygen with an uneven # of electrons
- AKA reactive oxygen species
- we need some free radicals for normal immune system function and a variety of cellular functions.
27
Free radicals steal electrons from ...?
- our DNA
- lipids in cell membranes
- our proteins
28
Antioxidants
- donate an electron, thus stabilizing the free radical
| - are not harmed in the process
29
how are free radicals produced?
- they are produced when we consume oxygen (eg., breathing, exercising)
- through exposure to toxins (eg., radiation, cigarette smoke..)
30
oxidative stress
- imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants
31
Effects of Oxidative stress
- damages nerve cells (parkinson's, Alzheimer's)
- gene (DNA) mutations (cancer)
- damage to vascular cells (stroke, heart attack)
32
Biological theories of aging
| - Genetic
- randomly occurring gene mutations progressively destroy DNA.
- DNA destruction affects cell reproduction
- - alternate theory: mutations are NOT random, mutations are programmed and highly ordered.
33
Types of intelligence
- Crystalized
| - fluid
34
Crystalized intelligence
- basic knowledge and skills
- accumulates over the life span
- "wisdom"
- tends to be preserved
35
fluid intelligence
- problem solving
- executive formation
- may decline
36
Orientation to...
- person (knowing who they are)
- place (where they are)
- time (date)
- situation
- - older people should be alert and oriented to person, place and time (A&OX3) or person, place, time, and situation (A&OX4)
- may see time as an issue due to less structure as they age.
37
What type of attention may be a problem as we age?
Divided attention
38
Memory as we age
- depends on the kind
- working/short term memory may be a problem
- prospective and long term memory often good; may be superior to younger people
39
what type of memory may even be superior for older people than for younger people
- prospective and long term
40
Mild Cognitive Impairment
- NOT part of normal aging
| - intermediate stage between normal function and dementia
41
Neuropathologic changes underlying aging
- neuritic plaques
- neurofibrillary tangles
- Lewy bodies
- These changes are found in individuals with dementias and with no dementia
42
Predictors of age-related cognitive loss
- difficulty identifying odors
- presence of diabetes
- level of education (more is better)
- size of one's social network (more is better)
- history of depression
- cognitive reserve
43
cognitive reserve
- resilience to neuropahologic changes
- 2 types
- amount of cognitive reserve related to education, occupational attainment, leisure activities in later life
44
2 types of cognitive reserve
- cognitive - ways in which tasks are performed
| - Brain - differences in brain structure
45
mini mental state assesses..?
- orientation
- short term memory
- lexical, visual, and phonological
- long term memory
- naming, semantic and lexical
- phonological working memory
- reading comprehension
- written expression
- visuospatial skills, alternating attention
- inhibition, auditory comprehension
- executive function
46
Tests for memory and attention
- mini mental state
- MOCA
- RIPA-2
47
MOCA assesses
- working memory
- long term memory
- orientation
- attention
48
Theories
| - cognitive changes with age
- slowing in neural processing hypothesis
- disuse hypothesis
- cohort hypothesis
49
Slowing in neural processing hypothesis
- theory for cognitive changes with age
- loss of myelin slows conduction
- loss of dendritic branching causes fewer synapses
- decrease in transmitter synthesis
- decrease in post-synaptic receptors
50
Disuse Hypothesis
- theory for cognitive changes with age
| - use the skill or lose it (long term depression - LTD)
51
Cohort hypothesis
- theory for cognitive changes with age
- cognitive effects of aging are affected by when you were born.
- our experiences may affect how we age
52
changes in sensory systems as we age
- hearing
- vision
- tactile (touch, temperature)
53
Acculturation
- familiarity with social/health care systems
- African Americans born here have roots back to civil war -> more familiar than first generation
- hispanics from US territory (eg. Puerto Rico) more familiar than those from other places (eg. Mexico)
54
Linguistic/cultural issues
- many Native American elderly have limited English proficiency
- Hispanic elderly differ in their ability to communicate effectively in English
55
support systems
| - multicultural -
- vary among minorities
56
Ageism
- discrimination against someone because of age.
| - common in the health care setting
57
Sources of ageism in healthcare
- to justify why the medical needs of the older person were not addressed
- frustration about not being able to meet job demands
- feeling unable to help or save the older person
- being reminded of one's own life and mortality.
58
WHO
- what is it?
- what is it's objective?
- World Health Organization
- for all people to attain the highest possible health status
- governed by 193 member states
Cognitive Communication
flashcards
Decks in class (4)
# Cards
