0
Q
4 levels of organization (in order)
A
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
1
Q
What are the important properties of life
A
- order
- growth and development
- energy processing
- regulation
- response to the environment
- reproduction
2
Q
Cell represents
A
Basic unit of life
3
Q
Scientific method
A
- Observation
- Hypothesis
- Experiment
- Collect and analyze data
- Accept or reject hypothesis
4
Q
Hypothesis
A
Tentative explanation
5
Q
Theory
A
Well sustained explanation
6
Q
Compare and contrast hypothesis and theory
A
A theory has been tested multiple times and is scientifically acceptable.
7
Q
Hypothesis must be
A
Testable and falsifiable
8
Q
Difference between an element and a compound
A
A compound is a substance that consists of two or more elements in a fixed ratio. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down
9
Q
Difference between essential elements and trace elements
A
Essential elements comprise approx. 99.9% of organisms (maxi- and micro- nutrients) trace are in minute quantities
10
Q
What are the 6 elements that comprise organic molecules in cells
A
S, O, C, H, N, P
11
Q
What are the 5 ions found in cells
A
Ca, K, Na, Ch, Mg
12
Q
4 macromolecules
A
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
13
Q
3 subatomic particles
A
Protons, neutrons, electrons
14
Q
Positively charged?
A
Protons
15
Q
Negatively charged?
A
Electrons
16
Q
Uncharged
A
Neutrons
17
Q
Protons located in
A
Nucleus
18
Q
Neutrons located in
A
Nucleus
19
Q
Electrons located?
A
Surrounding the nucleus
20
Q
Atomic #
A
Signifies the # of protons
21
Q
What else doesn’t the atomic # give
A
of electrons
22
Q
Why are elements naturally uncharged
A
of protons and neutrons are qual
23
Q
Atomic mass
A
It represent # of protons and neutrons combined
24
What happens if proton # is changed
Changes atomic # so it changes the element
25
What happens when the # of neutron changes
Forms an isotope
26
Isotopes
Variants of an atom with a diff atomic mass
27
If N-14 and N-15 are isotopes what does that mean?
of neutrons are diff
28
What happens to an element when electron number is changed
It will bond
29
Election orbital order
2
8
8
30
What is the outermost electron orbital called
Valence she'll
31
What are the elections called in the outermost orbital called
Valence electrons
32
What are 2 main reasons that "drive" elements to form bonds
To fill the outer shell or so they can be uncharged
33
List the five major types of bonds in order
```
Nonpolar covalent
Polar Covalent
Ionic bonding
Hydrogen bonding
Van der waals
```
34
What happens during a covalent bond
A molecule forms when two or more atoms share electrons
35
Difference between no polar and polar covalent
Nonpolar involves equal sharing of eke tons. polar involves unequal
36
Electro negativity
Refers to an atoms affinity to attract electrons
37
Rank C H N and O based on electronegativity
O >N>C=H
38
Be prepared to determine if a covalent bond between 2 elements is polar or no polar
N: s-s O-O N-N C-H
P: O-C and O-H
N-C and N-H
39
What happens to elements that form polar covalent bonds?
Gain stability; higher electronegativity
40
Which covalent bond does hydrogen bonding rely on?
Polar covalent
41
Which covalent bond does van der waals rely on?
No polar covalent
42
Describe hydrogen bonding
Occurs when an atom with a partial + charge is attracted to an atom w/ a partial - charge
43
Describe van der waals
Bonds when electrons charge is not evenly distributed. Involved between no polar. It's very weak.
44
Describe ionic bonding
Involved the attraction of oppositely charged ions. Ions form when elements gain or loss electrons to achieve a full outer orbital
45
What are the two types of ions and which is + and -
Cation +
| Anion -
46
How do cations form?
Lose or give away electrons
47
Why do cations form?
Because there is either 1, 2 or 3 valence electrons
48
How do anions form?
Steal or gain electrons
49
Why do anions form?
B/c there is either 5, 6, or 7 valence electrons
50
Properties of water
Cohesive behavior, ability to mod temp, expansion upon freezing, versatility as a solvent, less dense as a solid than liquid
51
Is water polar or nonpolar and why?
Polar hydrogen bonding water
52
What does it mean to say that water is both cohesive and adhesive
It sticks to itself and other surfaces
53
Why is waters ability to mod temp so important for life?
Evaporative cooling contributes to temp stability
54
How does the hydrogen bonding of water molecules change with water changes from liquid to solid
Hydrogen bonding becomes more ordered as water solidifies
55
Solution
A homogenous liquid mixture of two or more substances
56
Solvent
Dissolving agent
57
Solute
Dissolved substance
58
Why is water such a good solvent?
Because it's good at dissolving substances
59
Hydrophobic
"Water hating" nonpolar molecules. Doesn't dissolve in or interact with water
60
Hydrophilic
"Water loving" polar and charged. Dissolved easily in water; interacts with water
61
Acid
Releases H+; high H- concentration
62
Base
Consume H+; low H- concentration
63
What pH values are acidic
1-6
64
What pH are alkaline
8-14
65
What does pH measure)
Acidity
66
Compare the hydrogen ion concentration of acidic and basic solutions
Hydrogen ion concentration increases as pH decreases, hydrogen ion concentration changes by 10^x where x is the pH value change
67
Why is carbon used for life
Most versatile atom on earth (can form up to 4 covalent bonds) found in every organic compound; forms basis for all macromolecules; backbones can be linear, branched, or circular
68
Hydrocarbon
Organic molecule that consist of just C and H
69
Chemical formula
Gives the type and # of each element
70
Structural formula
Gives the physical arrangement of each element
71
Isomer
2 molecules that have the same chemical formula but diff structural formula
72
3 types of isomers
Simple structural, cis trans, enantiomers
73
Simple structural isomers
Simple re-arrangement of atoms
74
What is required to have a cis trans isomer
Differ in spatial arrangement due to inflexibly to double bonds
75
Cis
The two Xs are on the SAME side
76
Trans
2 Xs are on the OPPOSITE sides
77
Enantiomers
Two molecules are considered "mirror images" typically observed with amino acids and "sugars" with diff groups attached to a central carbon
78
What are enanti omers also called?
Optical isomers
79
What are the 6 important functional groups
Amino, phosphate, carboxyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl
80
What functional groups contain carbon
Carboxyl and carbonyl
81
What functional groups contain hydrogen
All
82
What functional groups contain nitrogen
Amino
83
What functional groups contain oxygen
Phosphate, carboxyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl
84
What functional groups contain sulfur
Sulfhydryl
85
What functional groups contain phosphorus
Phosphate
86
Compare and contrast the carbonyl and carboxyl groups
Both have double bond with oxygen but carboxyl has 2 oxygens
87
Compare and contrast carboxyl and hydroxyl.
Hydroxyl doesn't have carbon
88
What are the reactants in a chemical reaction
The starting materials
89
Products
Result of a reaction
90
What does it mean to say some chemical reactions are reversible
The can be the reactants or product
91
What are the 4 important biological macromolecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
92
Monomer
Single common subunit
93
Polymer
Collection of monomers
94
What happens during a dehydration reaction
Reactions combine monomers to produce polymers
95
How is water involved in dehydration reaction
Takes away water, loss of water, water is removed
96
How is energy involved in a dehydration reaction
It consumes energy
97
What happens during an hydrolysis reaction
Break down polymers into monomers
98
How is water involved in a hydrolysis reaction
It used water to break the polymer apart. Water is added
99
How is energy involved in a hydrolysis reaction
Generates energy
100
During which chemical reaction is a polymer the product
Dehydration
101
During which chemical reaction is a polymer the reactant
Hydrolysis
102
What is the polymer name for the macromolecules
Polysaccharide, protein, nucleic acids
103
Identify the monomers that correspond to each macromolecule polymer
Monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleotide
104
Identify the name for the connecting bond in each macromolecule polymer
Glycosidic, peptide, and phosphodiester
105
Which macromolecules contain a carbonyl
Polysaccharide
106
Which macromolecules contain a carboxyl
Protein
107
Which macromolecules contain an amino acid
Protein
108
Which macromolecules contain a phosphate
Nucleic acid
109
Which macromolecules contain a hydroxyl
Nucleic acid
110
What are the 3 types of lipss
Fats, phospholipids, and steroids
111
What is the composition of fats
Composed of glycerol and either 1, 2, or 3 fatty acids
112
What is the composition of a fatty acid
Hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group
113
What are the functions of fats?
Energy storage/ source; water repellent, protection, and insulation; lubricantion
114
What are the water interaction properties of fats
Hydrophobic
115
Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Saturated are straight and linear unsaturated is bent and linked
116
Which type of fatty acid contains a double covalent bond between carbons
Unsaturated
117
Which type of fatty acid result in a more solid consistency?
Saturated
118
Which type of fatty acid result in a more liquid consistency?
Unsaturated
119
What is the composition of phospholipids
Composed of glycerol, 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group
120
What is the major function of phospholipids
Forms bilayers in the cell membrane
121
Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic
The polar phosphate head that stays on the outside
122
What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic
The nonpolar fatty acid tail that's on the inside
123
What is the composition of steroids
Group of lipids with 4 interconnected C rings
124
What are the two types of steroids
Sterols and hormones
125
What are the water interaction properties of steroids
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic
126
Compare and contrast fats and phospholipids
Fats have 1, 2, or 3 fatty acids while phospholipids have 2 and have a phosphate group. Both have glycerol
127
What is the general chemical formula for carbohydrates
CH2O
128
What is a monosaccharide
Basic unit of carbs it's the simplest sugar
129
What is a polysaccharide
Long chains of monosaccharides
130
What is the name of the specific bond that connects monosaccharides together in a polysaccharide
Glycosidic bond
131
What is the functional group important in carbohydrates
Carbonyl and hydroxyl
132
Where is the carbonyl group in Aldose
End
133
Where is the carbonyl group in ketone
Middle
134
What are the properties of an alpha glycosidic linkage
More flexible; helical structural; easily broken; storage molecules
135
What are the properties of a beta glycosidic linkage
More rigid; linear structure; very stable structural molecules
136
What are the properties of a storage polysaccharide
Starch in plants and glycogen in animals
137
What are the properties of a structural polysaccharide
Cellulose in plant cell walls; chitin in fungal and Algal cell walls; Peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls
138
What is amylose
Unbranched starch in plants
139
What is Amylopectin
Branched starch in plants
140
Compare and contrast amylose and amylopectin
Amylose is unbranched and amylopectin is branched
141
What kind of polysaccharide is starch
Storage in plants
142
What kind a polysaccharide is glycogen
Storage in animals
143
What kind a polysaccharide is cellulose
Structural in plant cell walls
144
What kind of polysaccharide is chitin
Structural and fungal and Algal cell walls
145
What kind of polysaccharide is Peptidoglycan
Structural in bacterial cell walls
146
What are the potential functions of proteins
Enzymatic transport protection identification communication
147
What is the monomer subunit of proteins
Amino acids
148
How are proteins involved in chemical reactions
The build up of things like enzymes
149
Why are proteins considered directional
They have a start and an end
150
What term is used for the start of a protein
N-terminal
151
Which functional group corresponds to or is located at the "beginning" of a protein
Amino
152
What term is used for the "end of a protein"
C-terminal
153
Which functional group corresponds to or is located at the "end" of a protein?
Carboxyl
154
How many diff amino acids are naturally found in proteins?
20
155
What are the 4 components of an amino acid?
Central carbon, carboxyl group, amino group, r-group
156
What does the R group represent?
Variable
157
What are the 4 levels of protein organization/structure?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
158
What does protein structure represent
Primary: order of the amino acids from beginning to end
159
What bond/ interaction holds primary structure together?
Peptide covalent bonds
160
What does secondary structure represent?
Formation of localized folding of the peptide chain
161
What are the two types of 2nd structure shapes?
Alpha helix and beta sheets
162
What bonds/ interactions hold secondary structure together
Hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms
163
What part of the protein chain participates in 2nd structure interactions
Peptide chain
164
What does the tertiary structure represent
Overall 3D shape of a protein
165
What bonds/ interactions hold tertiary structure together
Disulfide bonds, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, van der waals
166
Which amino acid group participates in van der waals interactions?
R-group
167
Rank the tertiary structure bonds/ interactions from strongest to weakest
Disulfide bonds, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, van der waals
168
What part of the protein chain participates in the tertiary interactions
R group
169
What does quaternary structure represent
Polypeptide interaction
170
Denaturation
Refers to removal of quaternary tertiary and secondary structure
171
Re-nature ration
Refers to allowing a protein to refold into its proper shape
172
What to environmental changes will lead to protein denaturation
PH or temperature
173
What is the name for proteins that help other proteins fold correctly
Chaperone
174
What are the two types of nucleic acid
Rna and DNA
175
What is the monomers of nucleic acid
Nuclear tides
176
What are the three components to nucleotides
Phosphate groups five carbon sugar and nitrogenous bases
177
Why are nucleic acid considered directional
They have a start and end in
178
What term is used for the start of a nucleic acid
Five prime
179
Which functional group corresponds to or is located at the beginning of a nucleic acid
Phosphate
180
What term is used for the end of a nucleic acid
3 prime
181
Which functional group corresponds to or is located at the end of a nucleic acid
Hydroxyl
182
What is a nucleotide composition of DNA
Adenine thymine guanine cytosine
183
Compare and contrast the nucleotide composition of DNA and RNA I
DNA has thymine RNA has uracil
184
Why is a nucleotide composition of RNA
Adenine uracil guanine cytosine
185
What specific five carbon sugar is found in DNA
Deoxyribose
186
What specific five carbon sugar is found in RNA
Ribose
187
What is the main function of DNA
Genetic info storage in cells and some viruses
188
What are some functions of RNA
Genetics storage info in some viruses also is involved in protein production
189
What are the structural properties of DNA
Simple secondary structure
190
Complementary nature of DNA
Base Pairing
191
What bond is important in base pairing
Hydrogen bonding
192
How many hydrogen bonds connect AT base pair
2
193
How many bonds connect to the GC base pair
3
194
Which nucleotides are considered purines
Ag
195
Nucleotides are considered pyrimidines
Ct
196
What the phenomenon did Griffith observed
Transformation
197
What Is the difference between r strain S strain
S is smooth appearance are had a rough appearance
198
What happen when the r strain is injected into mice
The mouse lived
199
What happen when the S strain was injected into the nice
It died
200
What happens when the heat killed S train was injected into mice
Live mouse
201
What happen when the heat killed S strain and the living r strain were mixed together before injecting into mice
Mouse died
202
What did Avery Macleod and McCarty do
They had three experiments with DNA RNA and proteins. In the first they inserted DNase in the second rnase and the third protease no transformation was in the fest so DNA is required for transformation
203
What did Hershey and Chase do
They worked with bacteria and a bacteriophage
204
Lifecycle of a virus
Viruses are small acellular micro organisms are composed of nucleic acid contained within a protein coat viruses reproduce by injecting their genetic info into a host cell then the host cell makes new viruses
205
What is the macromolecule composition of the viruses
Protein
206
What radioactive element was used to label DNA
Phosphorus
207
What radioactive element was used to label protein
Sulfur
208
What instrument was used to separate cells from viruses
Centrifuge
209
When viruses with radioactive DNA were mixed with bacterial cells then centrifuge where did the radioactivity end up
On the bottom
210
When viruses with radioactive Protein were mixed with bacterial cells then centrifuge where did the radioactivity end up
Top
211
What was chargaffs contribution to the discovery of the structure of DNA
He studied the DNA composition of organisms
212
Where is Franklin and Wilkins contribution to the discovery of the structure of DNA
They use x-rays to photograph
213
Watson and crick's contribution to the discovery of structure of DNA
Credited with the scuplting structure of DNA
Bio 140
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