Exam #1

Question 1

Who was Florence Nightingale?

Answer 1

“founder of modern nursing”

-inspected hospitals, studied sanitary report and wrote books on public health

Question 2

What were some of Florence Nightingale’s accomplishments?

Answer 2

1853- became superintendent of a charity hospital
1854- took nurses to assist in military hospital during Crimean War in Turkey
-first nurse researcher
1860- established first nurse training school

Question 3

What ideologies did Florence Nightingale believe in?

Answer 3

• believed nurses were present to nurse, separation between nursing and medicine
• equal compensation with men for equal work

Question 4

Who did Nightingale believe should be in charge of nurses?

Answer 4

nurse supervisor (not physicians)

Question 5

What principles did Nightingale stress?

Answer 5

importance of assessment/reporting for continuity of care

sick nursing vs. health nursing (prevention)

Question 6

Nursing in Pre-Civil War

Answer 6

similar to European standards - nurses didn’t have any formal education

Question 7

Who was Dorothea Dix?

Answer 7

• increased care for the mentally ill
• founded a state instituted mental hospital (no real improvement in treatment for psych pts)
• appointed superintendent of union nurses during Civil War

Question 8

Nursing during the Civil War

Answer 8

• unorganized, lay nurses provided care (army)
• little support from physicians
• large military hospitals (over 300,000 beds)

Question 9

Clara Barton in Civil War

Answer 9

known for cure of injured soldiers

Red Cross

Question 10

Harriott Tubman in Civil War

Answer 10

cared for union soldiers

Question 11

Development of Nursing School

Answer 11

1869- AMA recommended training
1872- New England Hospital initiated primitive program (intense one year 7 days/week)
1873- 3 formal nursing schools (Bellevue, Connecticut, Boston Training Schools)
1891- 1st training school for black nurses (Providence Hospital)

Question 12

Who were graduates of the New England Hospital nursing program?

Answer 12

Linda Richards (1873)
Mary Mahoney (1879)

Question 13

What were the three formal nursing schools instituted in 1873?

Answer 13

Bellevue Training School
Connecticut Training School
Boston Training School

Question 14

Nursing in the early 1900s

Answer 14

immigration increased –> large cities with slums, increased vermin, overcrowding, decreased sanitation
-nurses: did private duty in homes or provided care on street
*Lillian Ward
1893- American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nursing = maintain school standards
1896- Nursing Associated Alumnae of the US/Canada for ALL nurses
1900- American Journal of Nursing
1903- legislation passed to register nurses
Army Nurse Corps established

Question 15

Lillian Ward

Answer 15

left med school to provide care for poor

• increased public health rate
• established school of nursing (1902)
• president of National Organization for Public Health Nursing

Question 16

Nursing Pre-WWI

Answer 16

1912- National Organization for Public Health Nursing

• Margaret Sanger: 1st birth control education clinic
• nurse anesthetist role established

Question 17

Margaret Sanger

Answer 17

opened first birth control education clinic in US, many died from abortion at this time

Question 18

Nurses during WWII

Answer 18

• nursing recruitment standards decreased and need for nurses increased (many didn’t want to be nurses for the strenuous work/long hours)
• poor military hospital conditions
• Army Nursing School created

Question 19

Nursing during the Great Depression

Answer 19

• 19th amendment (women’s right to vote)
• poor image of nursing
• Yale Nursing School –> first sole nursing school under University umbrella
• increased nursing discrimination of men/blacks

Question 20

What was the Frontier Nursing Service?

Answer 20

Mary Breckinridge- saw maternal mortality increasing, wanted to provide more prenatal care

• worked in Appalachian Mountains, poor community
• increased maternal death rates (10,000 times todays)
• 1925: established nursing birthing service in homes

Question 21

Who was Mary Breckinridge?

Answer 21

the founder of the Frontier Nursing Service

Question 22

Nursing during WWII

Answer 22

• Cadet Nurse Crops
• inactive nurses returned to work to help war effort
• nurse assistant jobs opened b/c of shortage
• Nurse POWS
• 1947: female nurses received full commissioned status in military (same pay as men)

Question 23

Nursing Post-WWII

Answer 23

-increase in nurse assistants/practical nurses
-concept of “team” nursing evolved
-flight nursing
1950- NLN accredits nursing schools
1952- AD initiated (associate degree nurse)
1965- ANA’s position paper on Education for nursing made BSN minimum professional nurse standard

Question 24

Modern Nursing

Answer 24

1986- Medicare DRGs: told hospital how much money they would receive based on pt dx –> shorter stays, increased outpatient treatment
-nursing shortage: increased graduate nursing education/increased nurse roles

Question 25

Today's Nurses

Answer 25

3. 1 million in US - mostly female - avg age in 1980 (40), avg age today (45.5) - mostly caucasian, greatest disparity in hispanic nurses - Aging of America--> more potential for chronic illnesses - Increased demand--> b/c of increased population/age of population

Question 26

What is the public image of nursing?

Answer 26

- trustworthy - not associated with power - advocates of health/safety - RNs increase quality of healthcare (untapped resource)

Question 27

What is the media image of nursing?

Answer 27

- Drs handmaid - sexy nurse - mean nurse (pain inflicter) - MASH increased image - ER neg image

Question 28

How do we improve the image of nursing?

Answer 28

1. be visible at work 2. be educated 3. be active

Question 29

Mizzou Nursing

Answer 29

1901: est. Parker Memorial Hospital 1940: approved BSN curriculum 1975: Nursing School became separate division - --> 1994: became Sinclair

Question 30

What is Flexner’s Criteria?

Answer 30

ten classic criteria used as a standard to identify characteristics of a profession → nursing meets most of criteria

Question 31

What areas of Flexner's Critera does nursing not meet?

Answer 31

* Not all nurses are educated in institution of higher learning (diploma, associates degree thru community college) * Nursing is not totally autonomous (dependent on access to patients through hospitals/clinics) * Entry to practice is unclear (nursing’s entry has 3 different levels, no requirement for grad/post-grad for initial practice)

Question 32

What are the IOM Core Competencies? (nursing meets all)

Answer 32

* Provide patient centered care * Work in interdisciplinary teams (physician, RT, etc) * Employ evidence-based practice * Apply quality improvement principles (ensure care given is evaluated for effectiveness) * Utilize informatics (technology)

Question 33

ANA (1965) definition of nursing

Answer 33

Care, Cure, Coordination

Question 34

ANA Social Policy Statement (1995)

Answer 34

Three part statement

Question 35

What are the four main nursing roles?

Answer 35

o To promote health o prevent illness o restore health o facilitate coping

Question 36

What are some basic nursing roles?

Answer 36

* Caregiver * Communicator/collaborator * Counselor * Advocate * Leader/Manager/Delegator * Educator * Researcher

Question 37

What are the specific staff roles?

Answer 37

1. staff nurse 2. hospital nursing 3. long term care 4. nursing administration 5. staff development 6. public health 7. school nursing 8. Entrepreneur & Intrapreneur 9. advanced practice nurse 10. nurse educator 11. nurse researcher 12. case managers 13. Military Nursing 14. Nursing Journal Editors 15. Lobbyists 16. Nurse Lawyers 17. Travel Nursing

Question 38

During what world was was the first army nursing school created?

Answer 38

WWI

Question 39

During what world war did female nurses receive full commissioned status in the military?

Answer 39

WWII

Question 40

Increased outpatient treatments, a nursing shortage, increase in graduate nursing education, and increase in nursing roles are all outcomes of what time in history?

Answer 40

current history

Question 41

How many nurses are there in the US today?

Answer 41

over 3 million

Question 42

She began crusading to improve care for the mentally ill?

Answer 42

Dorothea Dix

Question 43

What are four main nursing goals?

Answer 43

Promote health, prevent illness, restore | health, and facilitate coping

Question 44

Clinical Nurse Specialist, Nurse Practitioner, Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist, and Certified Nurse Midwifes are all examples of?

Answer 44

Advanced Practice Nurses

Question 45

Nurse educators may be responsible for teaching in which three areas?

Answer 45

academia, staff education, and community education

Question 46

Ten classic criteria used as a standard to | identify characteristics of a profession are?

Answer 46

Flexner's Criteria

Question 47

Who defined nursing as “put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him”?

Answer 47

Florence Nightingale

Question 48

``` Provide patient-centered care, work in interdisciplinary teams, employ evidence- based practice, and apply quality improvement principles are all examples of? ```

Answer 48

IOM Competencies

Question 49

Life long learning, identification of one’s self | with a profession, responsibility and accountability, and promoting a profession are all examples of?

Answer 49

professional commitment