What is Radical Behaviorism?
Strong emphasis on the environment as cause of behavior. Private events(thoughts,emotions) were included as behaviors
What are the types of selection?
- Organic Selection
- Operant Selection
- Cultural Selection
What are the SIX characteristics of behavior?
- Involves actions, not labels.(action verbs)
- Physical dimensions (Duration, frequency, latency or how long an event takes to occur)
- Can be observed, described, and recorded.
- Has an impact on the environment. (obvious or subtle)
- behavior is lawful (behavior is influenced by environment)
- Behavior can be overt or covert.
What are the EIGHT characteristics of Behavior Modification?
- focus on behavior
- Guided by theory and philosophy (environment)
- based on behavioral principles
- Emphasis on current environmental events
- Precise description of behavior modification procedures.
- Treatment implemented by people in everyday life.
- Measurement of behavior change.
- De-Emphasis on past events.
What are 3 misconceptions of ABA? and why are they incorrect?
- Uses Bribes
- Relies on Punishment
- Ignores the real causes of behavior
4, Dehumanizes - Only works on certain people
Describe the roles of Thorndike, Watson, Skinner, and Pavlov in the development of ABA.
Thorndike - demonstrated the law of effect
Watson -
Skinner - conducted research on basic principles of BM
Pavlov- first described the conditioned reflex
Describe the four purposes of a behavioral assessment / baseline data?
- To decide if problem exists and treatment is necessary
- To decide on the best treatment
- To measure effectiveness of intervention
4.
Describe the four recording methods discussed?
Continuous Measurement
Partial-interval recording
Whole-interval recording
Momentary Time sampling
What are the dimensions of continuous measurement?
frequency, duration, intensity, and latency
What are the features of a good target behavior definition?
Focus on overt behavior and an operational definition. also, action verbs.
What is reactivity?
Reactivity is when the process of recording a behavior may cause behavior change in it of itself.
Why is interobserver reliability/ interobserver agreement important?
-to insure consistency in the recording method and improve reliability
What two variables are illustrated in a behavior modification graph?
-Behavior and Dimension or occurrence over time
Which variable is on the x-axis and which one is on the y-axis?
Behavior is on the y-axis
and the Dimension is on the x- axis
Why are data points not connected across phase change lines?
To show a distinction between treatment and baseline phases
The ‘single’ in ‘single-subject design’ does not refer to the number o subjects it refers to_____.
Treatment?
What is reinforcement?
Reinforcement is a process in which the frequency or probability of a response is increased by a dependent relationship, or contingency, with a stimulus or circumstance (the reinforcer).
What is the difference between negative and positive reinforcement? Give an example of each.
Negative reinforcement a stimulus is removed following a behavior to strengthen a behavior.
Positive reinforcement a stimulus is presented following a behavior to strengthen it
Unconditioned reinforcer vs conditioned reinforcer? Give examples.
An unconditioned reinforcer is a reinforcer that is effective without any prior learning. Ex. food, warmth
A conditioned reinforcer is learned over time. Ex. Money
FIVE factors that influence the effectiveness of a reinforcer.
1.immediacy
2.consistency(contingency)
3. intensity
4 motivating operations: EO will increase value of reinforcer
5. individual differences; preferred attention will vary
Establishing Operation
Antecedent that increases the value of a reinforcer (feeling hungry - food seeking behavior)
Describe the arrangement of responses and reinforcers in the following intermittent schedules
Fixed Ratio - completion of a constant number of responses
Variable Ratio - completion of a changing number of responses
Fixed Interval - reinforces the first response after a constant amount of time
Variable Interval - reinforces the first response after a changing amount of time
