1
Q
Populus tremuloides
A
- most widely distributed tree in NA
- Shade intolerant - pioneer of upland Boreal -short lived
- small seeds (1.3 mil per pound)
- seeds need bare mineral soil
2
Q
Economic value of Populus tremuloides
A
- not tough wood and doesn’t splinter
- used as tongue depressors, boxes, crates
- high economic value
3
Q
Populus balsamifera
A
- stream side species
- biggest hardwood tree in Boreal forest
- reproduces by broken plant parts, roots, seeds
- short lived, fast growing, shade intolerant spp on moist alluvial sites
- seeds germinate best on wetter soils
4
Q
Main differences between P. tremuloides and P. balsamifera
A
-balsamifera is a stream side spp and can reproduce by broken plant parts
5
Q
Betula papyrifera
A
- shade intolerant, fast growing, short lived
- Basal sprouts
- greatest geographical range of any birch in NA
- most useful hardwood in far north
- infected by bronze beech borer and tent caterpillar
6
Q
seeds of B. papyrifera
A
- require bare mineral soils, best facilitated through fire
- produces large quantities of seeds
- need cold stratification
7
Q
economic value of B. papyrifera
A
- fuel, mine props, lumber, paneling, furniture
- snowshoe frames, canoes and paddles, etc
8
Q
Pinus banksiana
A
- early settlers believed it was poisonous bc there was nothing in understory
- shade intolerant, fast growing, short lived, pioneer
- prefers infertile, sandy, acidic soils
- cones are persistent and serotinous (requires high temps to open)
9
Q
Economic and wildlife uses for P. banksiana
A
- pulpwood (boxes, crates, craft paper, brown paper)
- Kirtland warbler breeds in young jack pine stands in Michigan
10
Q
Larix laricina
A
- wetland spp (acidic peat lands – BOGS)
- always found with P. mariana
- also grows in alkaline peat lands
- very shade intolerant, fast growing, found on cold, wet sites with organic or mineral soils
- 1 of 3 transcontinental conifers
- reproduces by layering
11
Q
economic uses of L. laricina
A
- native Americans used roots to sew paper birch bark together
- durable and hard wood but has spiral grain which makes it undesirable
12
Q
Picea mariana
A
- mariana meaning Maryland
- 1 of 3 transcontinental conifers
- reproduces commonly by layering
- grows in acidic peatlands and can grow along alpine summits (grows knee high in summits)
- slowest growing tree in NA
- pest is dwarf mistletoe
13
Q
Economic uses of P. mariana
A
- white fibers on stems used for puplwood, newsprint, and high grade paper
- wood used for poles, furniture, sounding boards
- cut for christmas trees, young shoots made to make beer
- spruce grouse depends on it
14
Q
Picea glauca
A
- largest of the 3 transcontinental conifers
- tallest evergreen in boreal
- long lived and is in boreal uplands
- most important commercial tree in Canada
- shade tolerant, fast growing long lived climax spp on upland mesic sites of Boreal
- pest is spruce budworm
15
Q
Economic uses of P. glauca
A
-fibers are shorter than P. mariana but used for pulpwood, sounding boards, lumber for framing
16
Q
Abies balsamea
A
- most cold hardy evergreen in NE mountains
- shade tolerant, slow to fast growing, short lived, subclimax spp in Boreal
- grows on mineral and organic soils
- grows on NE mountains with B. papyrifera
- fir waves
- very susceptible to fires
- prolific seeds (lots and lots)
17
Q
Economic uses for A. balsamea
A
- christmas reefs
- interior knotty pine paneling
- 2nd best Christmas tree
- used for cover by animals
18
Q
Betula alleghaniensis
A
- long lived, mod shade tolerant subclimax of NE forest
- gap spp
- grows up to 3200’ of elevation
- only birch that will grow on organic soil
- stilit roots (visable above ground)
- most massive hardwood in NE forest
- once the most abundant hardwood in presettlement NE forest
19
Q
economic value of B. alleghaniensis
A
- most economically valuble birch for forest products
- furniture, plywood, firewood (one of the go to firewoods)
- favorite brows of deer and moose
20
Q
Betula populifolia
A
- small tree, multiple stems, basal sprouter
- shade intolerant, fast growing, short lived pioneer spp in NE forest
- barren infertile upland soils
- confined to low elevations in NE
- ecological role as a nurse tree
- low economic value (too small)
- damaged by ice, snow, and birch leaf miner
21
Q
Fagus grandifolia
A
- shade tolerant, slow growing, long lived climax spp in NE forest
- grows with sugar maple and yellow birch
- most important mast in US
- prolific root sucker
- one of the most shade tolerant trees in NE
- susceptible to fires
- sprouts profusely from root system
- beech bark disease
22
Q
Acer saccharum
A
- state tree of NY
- shade tolerant, slow growing, long lived climax spp in NE forest
- grows with yellow birch
- grows best on deep, rich, moist but well drained soils
- 20% of standing timber in NY
- produces abundant seed crop every 2-3 years
- seeds have germination rate of 95+%
- forest tent caterpillar
23
Q
Economic value of A. saccharum
A
-very high value for furniture, landscape, syrup
24
Q
Pinus strobus
A
- largest confier in E US
- mod shade tolerant, fast growing, long lived, disturbance dependent spp in NE forest
- prefers well drained, sandy dry soils of glacial deposits
- regenerates well following logging, farming, fire, and windthrow
25
Economic value of P. strobus
- one of the most highly valued timber trees
- one of the most cut trees at beginning of US
- soft, durable wood used for doors, furniture, flooring
- made NYS the leading timber producer in US during Civil War
26
Pinus resinosa
- shad intolerant, fast growing, long lived pioneer of NE forest
- prefers sandy loams of glacial deposits or shallow soils of mountain slopes (low elevation)
- thrives in places with fire
- more site demanding than jack, but less than white
- one of the most extensively planted trees in NE
- not as long lived as P. strobus
27
Economic value of P. resinosa
-lumber used for construction, poles, railway ties, posts
28
Pinus sylvestris
- shad intolerant, fast growing, cold hardy, mod long lived pioneer in NE forest
- prefers dry, sandy, impoverished soils (tolerant to extremely bad sites)
- most widely distributed pine in the world
- large variation in form, growth rate, foliage color
- fed on by porcupines
29
Economic value of P. sylvestris
- one of the most commericial spp in Europe
- most popular Christmas tree in US
- pulpwood
30
Picea rubens
- very shade tolerant, long lived climax spp
- most most abundant spp in ADK before logging/fires
- needs high humidity and at least 40" of annual rainfall
- grows best in S Appalachians up to 5000'
- replaced by A. balsamea at hgihest elevations in NE
- shallow rooted - susceptible to windthrow
31
Economic value and disturbances of P. rubens
- pulpwood, violins, spruce gum and beer
| - spruce beetles, cold damage, dwarf mistletoe, root rot, spruce budworm
32
Picea abies
- mod shade tolerant, fast growing, long lived spp in NE forest
- prefers moist but well drained soils
- common spruce of Europe and major timber spp there
- naturalized in US
- one of the most commonly planted trees
33
Economic uses of P. abies
- pulpwood, poles
| - used to be used for Syracuse Christmas tree
34
Tsuga canadensis
- very shade tolerant, slow growing, long lived climax spp of NE forest
- site sensitive, shallow root system, does not tolerate drought
- shade creates dark, cool, dry, acidic microhabitat beneath
- hemlock woolly adelgid (has 3-5 years of life after infected)
35
Economic use of T. canadensis
- great ornamental tree
- tannin leather
- construction, pulpwood, cabinets
- favorite deer browse - little regeneration
36
Thuja occidentalis
- shade tolerant, long lived, slow growing spp of NE forest
- on uplands in pure, extensive stands or in wetlands with other spp
- thrives in calcarious conditions (high Ca and pH)
- reproduces by seed and layering
- wood is subject to ring-shakes
37
two ecotypes of T. occidentalis
- both occur on calcareous soils
- dry, rocky, uplands
- cold, minerotrophic, saturated swamps
38
Economic value of T. occidentalis
- foliage used for Christmas wreaths and decorations
- planted for ornamental purposes
- winter browse and cover for deer
