Bio 115 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How old is the universe?

A

13.8 billion years old

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2
Q

How wide is the universe?

A

93 billion light years

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3
Q

What rate is the universe expanding at?

A

1% every 140 million years

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4
Q

What were the 2 competing theories about the beginning of the universe?

A
  • Steady State

- Big Bang

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5
Q

What was the steady state theory?

A

New matter is continually created as universe expands

it has no beginning or end

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6
Q

What is the big bang theory?

A

Universe was created as a singularity and expands outward

It has a definite beginning and end

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7
Q

What percent of the universe is made up of atoms?

A

4.6%

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8
Q

What is most of the universe? (71.4%)

A

Dark Energy

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9
Q

What is the remaining 24% of the universe?

A

Dark matter

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10
Q

1 second after big bang, the universe cooled enough to form _____ and _____.

A

Protons and Neutrons

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11
Q

3 minutes after big bang, the universe consists of 75%__ and 25%___ nuclei.

A

75% H

25% He

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12
Q

300,000 years after big bang, atomic nuclei captured _____ and ______ were formed.

A

electrons

atoms

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13
Q

By 300 million years, gravity causes pockets of gasses to collapse. This energy triggers nuclear fusion of _______ into ________ which created the first ______.

A
  • hydrogen
  • helium
  • stars
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14
Q

What elements were formed in star centers?

A

Hydrogen through Iron

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15
Q

How were heavier elements created?

A

Through star supernovas collapsing on iron core.

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16
Q

When did our solar system form?

A

4.5 billion years ago.

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17
Q

When did life 1st appear on Earth?

A

3.5 billion years ago

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18
Q

Describe how an atom is structured:

A
  • Nucleus is at the center of an atom. The Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus
  • Electrons are located in the electron cloud which is within a defined distance around the nucleus.
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19
Q

6
C
12.011

A
  • Top number is the atomic number: this is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus, as well as the number of electrons in the electron cloud.
  • Middle letter(s) is the chemical symbol
  • The bottom number is the atomic mass. This is the weighted average of all the masses of all the elements isotopes.
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20
Q

Define electronegativity

A

This is when electrons are not shared equally between atoms

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21
Q

What is an isotope?

A

An isotope is a variant of an element that shares the same number of protons but has different numbers of neutrons.

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22
Q

Define polarity

A

the separation of electric charge along a bond, leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or dipole moment. Cause by atoms not sharing electrons equally. This will make one atom charged positively and one negatively.

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23
Q

What are the 5 bonds?

A
  • Ionic Bond
  • Covalent Bond
  • Hydrogen Bond
  • Hydrophobic interaction
  • Van Der Waals Interaction
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24
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

The transfer of an electron. One atom gives an electron to another atom. The leaves the two atoms charged, one positively and one negatively.

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25
What is a covalent bond?
This is the sharing of 2 electrons between 2 atoms. 2 types, polar bonds and hydrogen bonds.
26
Hydrogen bond
Happens in water. Is about 1/20 the strength of a polar bond. electronegative charge of H attracts to electropositive of oxygen.
27
Hydrophobic Interaction
Interaction of nonpolar substances in the presence of polar substances (especially water)
28
Van Der Waals Interaction
Interaction of electrons of nonpolar substances
29
What 3 phases does water exist in?
- Solid - Liquid - Gas
30
TRUE OR FALSE: Water is one of the only substances whose solid can float on its liquid state.
TRUE
31
Water becomes _____ dense as it drops below 4C.
Less
32
TRUE OR FALSE: Water is one of the only few carbonless compounds that is a liquid at room temperature.
TRUE
33
What 3 factors make water a unique compound?
- Its high surface tension - Its high viscosity - Its ability to act as a near universal solvent
34
What is hydrophobicity?
This is the property of nonpolar molecules to repel water molecules
35
What is hydrophillicity?
This is the property of molecules to form ionic or hydrogen bonds with water.
36
What is homeostasis? Examples? (3)
The fact that living organism maintain an internal environment that is distinct from the external environment. - maintaining innerbody temp - maintaining blood glucose levels - maintaining constant pH
37
What is Catabolism?
The break down of organic matter to liberate energy
38
What is Anabolism?
The use of energy to build organic structures
39
What is evolution?
The change in genetic material over time.
40
What are the 4 macromolecules that make up life on earth?
- Proteins - Carbohydrates - Lipids - Nucleic Acids
41
How many electrons does carbon have in its outer shell?
4
42
What are hydrocarbons? What are 4 examples of hydrocarbons?
Bonds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. - Methane - Ethane - Propane - Octane
43
Are hydrocarbons hydrophillic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophobic
44
What are the 7 functional groups we went over?
- Hydroxyls - Aldehydes - Ketos - Carboxyls - Aminos - Phosphates - Sulfhydryl
45
What are the 7 classes of compounds that go along with the functional groups?
- alcohols - aldehydes - ketones - carboxylic acids - amines - organic phosphates - thiols
46
Match the 7 functional groups to their class of compounds
- Hydroxyls > alcohols - Aldehydes > aldehydes - Ketos > ketones - Carboxyls > carboxylic acids - Aminos > amines - Phosphates > organic phosphates - Sulfhydryl > thiols
47
Match the 7 functional groups to their structural formulas
- Hydroxyls > OH - Aldehydes > O double bonded to C and H bonded to C - Ketos > O double bonded to C - Carboxyls > O double bonded to C and OH bonded to C - Aminos > N with 2 H's bonded to it - Phosphates > O double bonded to P with 3 other Os single bonded to P - Sulfhydryl > SH together
48
What is an acid?
any substance that can donate a proton to another substance.
49
What is a base?
Any substance that can accept a proton from a donor
50
What is an isomer?
2 or more compounds with the same chemical formula but different physical structure.
51
What are carbohydrates? (3)
Sugars, Starches, and Cellulose
52
What are the functions of carbohydrates? (2)
- sugar and starch serve as energy source for cells | - cellulose is the structural component of plant cell walls
53
Carbohydrates can contain _______, _______, or _______.
one sugar unit (monosaccharide) two sugar units (disaccharide) more than two sugar units (polysaccharide)
54
What is a monosaccharide?
A hydroxyl group bonded to each carbon except one carbonyl.
55
What is the most abundant monosaccharide?
Glucose
56
What do hydroxyl and carbonyl groups do to functional groups?
They make them hydrophillic
57
What is the 3 carbon sugar?
3 carbon- glyceraldehyde | 5 carbon sugars- Ribose and deoxyribose
58
What are the 2 5 carbon sugars?
5 carbon sugars- Ribose and deoxyribose
59
What are the 3 6 carbon sugars?
- Mannose - Galactose - Fructose
60
What's the difference in a-glucose and b-glucose?
The direction that the hydroxyl group is flipped (up or down) when attached to the end of the ring.
61
What are the monomers of each macromolecule?
- Carbohydrates > monosaccharide - Lipids > fatty acids + glycerol - Nucleic Acids > nucleotides - Proteins > amino acids
62
What are the polymers of each macromolecule?
- Carbohydrates > polysaccharide - Lipids > lipid/fat - Nucleic Acids > DNA/RNA - Proteins > polypeptide
63
What are the linkages of each macromolecule?
- Carbohydrates > glycosidic link - Lipids > ester - Nucleic Acids > phosphylester - Proteins > peptide
64
What is the most abundant carbohydrate on earth?
cellulose
65
What are the most abundant lipids in living organisms?
Neutral fats
66
What is the primary goal of lipids?
serve as fuel storage
67
What are carbs and proteins stored as? Where?
Fat | Within adipose cells
68
What is the difference in saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats- single C bond | Unsaturated fats- double C--C bond
69
What are phospholipids?
components of cell membranes. They contain glycerol molecule attached to two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group. The fatty acid side is hydrophobic and the phosphate is hydrophillic
70
What are amphipathic molecules?
one end hydrophyllic and one is hydrophobic
71
What do proteins do?
They are responsible for doing the majority of the work in a cell.
72
How many amino acids are found in proteins?
20
73
What do nucleic acids do?
They are involved in DNA and RNA protein synthesis.
74
What is a nucleotide?
molecule composed of a sugar, base, and phosphate group
75
Cells are the ______ unit of life.
smallest
76
All cells have these 3 things in common:
- plasma membrane - energy conversion - central dogma
77
What are the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
prokaryotes have no nucleus
78
Run through the organelles in cells:
- capsule - cytoplasm - ribosomes - nucleoid - plasma membrane - flagellum - plasma membrane - peptidoglycan - cell wall - outer membrane
79
Organelles are enclosed within __________ that are made of _____________ which selectively allows molecules in or out.
- membranes | - phospholipids
80
What are the 3 points of cell theory?
- cells are fundamental units of all organisms - new cells are formed only through the division of previously existing cells - all cells can be traced back to a common origin
81
What are the 2 reasons cell size is limited?
- molecules must be rapidly transported to intracellular locations - waste products must be quickly eliminated from out of cells
82
What does more surface area equate to?
Faster molecules can transfer
83
Do prokaryotes have organelles?
No
84
What is the cytoplasm?
The region of the cell outside of the nucleus.
85
What is the liquid portion of the cytoplasm called? What is 80% of it?
cytosol | water
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