Self and Self Esteem > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Aristotle

A
  • essence of a person=soul=form (abstract)

- it’s not just your physical self that makes you who you are, also something intangible (soul)

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2
Q

John Locke

A

-physical body=man
-personal identity=person
-identity=memory
as far back as you can remember (beginning of memory of self) is the beginning of your self identity/sense of self
-language may facilitate memory (which is why you don’t remember when you were 1-2 yrs old)

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3
Q

cognitive revolution

A

people actively construct their realities

-20th/21st centuries=self-actualization, interest in self-related topics

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4
Q

David Hume

A
  • identity is a fiction

- rapid thoughts give illusion of identity

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5
Q

William James

A
  • identity=continuous memory/feelings about the self

- feelings associated with perceptions join them together (feelings tie thoughts together)

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6
Q

Material self

A
  • bodily self

- extracorporeal (extended) self

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7
Q

Social self

A
  • social roles, identities

ex: sister, daughter, friend, psych major

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8
Q

Spiritual self

A

“hidden self”

  • inner, psychological self
  • traits, abilities
  • emotional states
  • attitudes, values
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9
Q

self-feeling

A

emotions with self as a reference point
ex: humiliation, embarrassment, shame, guilt
-depend on subjective perceptions NOT objective outcomes
(one outcome may cause one person to laugh but another person to become embarrassed)

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10
Q

Individualism and economy

A

increased individualism during times of economic prosperity

  • give newborns uncommon names
  • favor music with self vs. other focused language
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11
Q

Red dye and mirror recognition studies

A
  • is self-awareness unique to humans?

- chimps and orangutans show self-recognition

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12
Q

early childhood

A
  • 2 to 6 years
  • observable, specific characteristics
  • material self
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13
Q

middle childhood

A
  • 7 to 11 years
  • general self descriptions
  • social comparisons
  • perspective taking
  • social self
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14
Q

adolescence

A
  • 12 to 18 years
  • psychological qualities
  • self feelings
  • spiritual self
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15
Q

Cooley: Looking Glass Self

A

self feelings develop by imagining how we appear in the eyes of others

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16
Q

Mead: Symbolic Interactionism

A

develop a sense of self when we:

  • adopt others’ perspectives
  • imagine how we appear to others
  • symbolic communication (gestures)
  • *social interaction is essential to the emergence of self
  • central element of self=cognition NOT emotion
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17
Q

“Generalized other”

A

adopt perspective of broader society

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18
Q

2 stages of children’s play

A

-asocial (alone)
-game stage (involves others)
play helps to develop a sense of self

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19
Q

Theories of self-development

A
  • looking glass self

- symbolic interactionism

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20
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial development model

A 
-specific needs arise at a specific life stage
trust/mistrust
autonomy/shame
initiative/guilt
industry/inferiority
identity/role confusion
intimacy/isolation
generativity/stagnation
integrity/despair
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21
Q

Harlow’s monkeys

A
  • showed importance of attachment

- isolation experiment, monkey preferred to cling to terry cloth monkey rather than wire monkey, monkey wanted comfort

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22
Q

Ainsworth’s Strange Situation

A

-measure security of child’s attachment with caregiver when they return

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23
Q

Bowlby’s attachment theory

A
  • mental models of self and others
  • attachment style=way of dealing with attachment, separation, and loss in close relationships
  • you can have different attachment styles for different people in your life
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24
Q

I

A

aspect of self that is actively perceiving, thinking, seeing, etc.
-awareness that we are thinking or perceiving rather than the actual physical process itself

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25
Me
aspect of self that is an object of our attention, thought or perception -people's ideas of who they are and what they are like
26
self-referent thoughts
thoughts that refer to oneself | -people's ideas about what they are like
27
self-concept vs self-esteem
self-concept=the way people think about themselves | self-esteem=the way people feel about themselves
28
phenomenology
-what we perceive is not necessarily the same as what exists in external world -our behavior depends more on world as it appears than the world as it actually exists EX: optical illusion in which the lines are the same length but the arrows are pointing in different directions making the second line look longer than the other -we perceive the second line to be longer even though they are the same -if you said the lines were chocolate bars, a child would pick the one that appeared longer, if you said they were broccoli the child would pick the one that appeared shorter
29
Assumptions of behaviorist movement
- positivism | - mechanism
30
positivism
concrete, observable measurement
31
mechanism
stimulus-response bonds -> behavior | -conditioning, automatic
32
Difference between play and game
play=child adopts attitudes of one other person | game=child adopts attitudes of many other people
33
Self-Determination theory
-humans have an innate tendency toward positive growth
34
Fundamental psychological needs
- competence=feeling effective in doing an activity (not comparing self to others) - autonomy=making your own decisions (acting out of one's own will) - relatedness=having close, caring relationships (not about quantity, but quality of relationships)
35
Introspection
look inward to know our attitudes, feelings and motives
36
Self perception theory
gain self-knowledge by observing own behavior
37
self-enhancement
motive to maximize feelings of self worth
38
accuracy motive
to know what one is really like
39
consistency motive
protect self-concept against change
40
self-verification theory
desire to verify existing self views
41
self-handicapping
engaging in behaviors to handicap performance to have an excuse for failure -ex: staying up all night studying the night before a test
42
bask in reflected glory (BIRG)
associating with others who are successful (in your same group->sports team, college, race, country) -increases self esteem
43
Self-evaluation Maintenance Model (Tesser)
Domain matters - low self relevance=BIRG - high self relevance=threat
44
Interdependent self
your sense of self is interwoven with others, not clearly defined -depends on who you're with and what the situation is
45
Independent vs Interdependent self
- independent self=individual, unique, free * *Western cultures - interdependent self=rational, similar, adjusting, filial piety (respect for elders), tradition * *Collectivistic cultures
46
"WEIRD" samples
``` W=western E=educated I=industrialized R=rich D=democratic ```
47
gender role
expectations for gendered behavior
48
gender identity
self perception as male/female
49
Social learning theory
socialization -> gender differences | -rewards vs punishments for gendered behavior
50
Kohlberg's cognitive development theory
-gender identity (ages 2-3): self label as male/female -gender stability (ages 3-7): believe gender is constant over time -gender consistency (ages 7-12): believe gender is stable across situations Ex: can identify that a female with very short hair, wearing mens clothes, is still female
51
Bem's gender-schema theory
- social learning + cognitive development theories | - gender schemas: based on interactions/observations of others, guide behavior based on gender norms
52
Eagly's social role theory
gender stereotypes - men=independent, dominant, assertive - women=relationship-oriented, sensitive, emotional
53
Effects of media on women
-women who watched TV ads of gender stereotypic women -> worse test performance (math), fewer career goals
54
Effects of media on men
-men who watched more sexist ad were more likely to display those sexist characteristics (looked at confederate's body, interrupted her, spoke over her, moved chair closer to her)
55
objectification theory
- women internalize observer's perspective of her body | - objectified more during reproductive years
56
objectification theory
-women internalize observer's perspective of her body -objectified more during reproductive years RESEARCH: -women had more body shame in swimsuit condition than sweater condition and showed restrained eating -women asked to take math test while wearing swimsuit performed the worst
57
self complexity
how much overlap there is among self aspects - low complexity=a lot of overlap between qualities - high complexity=little to no overlap between qualities
58
self schemas
affect how we process info and behave
59
contrast vs assimilation effects
contrast effects=when people feel disconnected from others assimilation effects=when people feel connected to others RESEARCH: showed assimilation effect when participants had something in common with photo they were shown (attractive/unattractive photo, shared bday)
60
Borderline personality disorder
- extreme fears of abandonment - unstable self image - impulsive behaviors
61
Temporal self comparisons
-people view positive events as occurring more recently and negative events as occurring far in the past
62
Cognitive dissonance
unpleasant state of arousal that occurs when people say or do things that are inconsistent with their attitudes or behaviors RESEARCH: weight task vs eating worm, asked if participant wanted to switch to other task, said no b/c once you have committed to a condition your attitudes change to support your behavior
63
Ways to reduce dissonance
- change behavior (very difficult) - change conflicting cognition (beliefs) - add new cognitions (add new info/beliefs that support your actions/behavior)
64
Self-affirmation
- people want to view themselves positively | - violation of standards->dissonance
65
Self concept stability
Self views usually do not dramatically shift from one moment to the next
Self and Self Esteem
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