Health Assessment Spring 26 > Exam 1 Basic EKG > Flashcards

Exam 1 Basic EKG Flashcards

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1
Q

The heart has the innate ability to generate its own spontaneous action potentials without any external stimuli, a phenomenon known as __________.

A

Automaticity

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2
Q

What are the two types of cells in the heart?

A

Pacemaker Cells (spontaneous action potentials)
Contractile Cells

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3
Q

When there is a stimulation above the threshold, __________ channels cause cell-to-cell conduction resulting in depolarization.

This will release ________ to interior myocytes and causes contraction.

_______ outflow causes repolarization.

A

Sodium Channels

Calcium

Potassium

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4
Q

Once the action potential is generated by the SA node, conduction will go to the right atrium via the __________ pathway.

Conduction will also travel from the right atrium to the left atrium via ____________.

A

Internodal Pathway

Bachman’s Bundle

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5
Q

The inherent pace of the SA node.

The inherent pace of AV node.

A

60-100 bpm

40-60 bpm

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6
Q

Atrial fibrillation will result in a _______% decrease in cardiac output.

A

20-25% decrease in CO

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7
Q

The bundle of His is located in the __________.
The bundle of His has pacemaker cells that can generate an action potential at _________ beats/minute.

A

interventricular septum

40 to 60 bpm

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8
Q

The bundle branch consists of pacemakers cells that can generate _________ bpm.

A

20 to 40 bpm

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9
Q

Electrolytes imbalances:
Hypocalcemia and Hypokalmeia causes:

A

D’s: Diuretics, Diet, SIADH, Dilutional lab

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10
Q

Electrolyte imbalances:
Hypercalcemia causes:

A

Throid, parathyroid conditions

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11
Q

Electrolyte Imbalances:
Hyperkalemia causes:

A

Renal failure, acidosis (cell breakdown)

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12
Q

How many mV are the large boxes?
How many mV are the small boxes?

How many seconds are the small boxes?
How many seconds are the larges boxes?

A

0.5 mV
0.1 mV

0.04 seconds
0.20 seconds

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13
Q

What does the P-wave represent?

What is the normal duration of P-waves?

A

Atrial Depolarization

less than 0.12 seconds

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14
Q

What does the PR interval represent?

What is a normal PR interval?

What is a PR interval greater than 0.20 seconds called?

A

PR interval represents the time from the onset of atrial depolarization (contraction) to the onset of ventricular depolarization. The pause for the blood to go from the atria to the ventricles.

0.12 to 0.20 seconds

First-degree AV block

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15
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

What is the duration of the QRS complex?

A

Ventricular depolarization

<0.12 seconds

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16
Q

What does the ST segment represent?

A

ST segment represents the interval between depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles.

Early stages of ventricular repolarization.

Elevation > 1mm is significant (injury/ischemia)

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17
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

Repolarization of the ventricle

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18
Q

What rhythms will have retrograde p-waves?

A

Junction rhythms

(Rhythm is coming from the AV node and back up to SA node)

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19
Q

What do we associate with a QRS complex wider than 0.12 seconds?

A

Bundle branch block

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20
Q

What causes elevated T-waves?

A

Hyperkalemia
Hypercalcemia

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21
Q

When is atrial repolarization?

A

During QRS complex

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22
Q

What is the rhythm?

A

Sinus Rhythm

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23
Q

What is the rhythm?

A

Sinus Bradycardia

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24
Q

What is the rhythm?

A

Sinus Tachycardia

(100-150 bpm)

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25
What is the rhythm?
Junctional Rhythm HR 40-60 bpm *Signal starts in AV node* (look for the inverted p-wave)
26
What is the rhythm?
Junctional tachycardia HR >60 bpm *Signal starts in AV node*
27
What is the rhythm?
PSVT (HR>150)
28
What is the rhythm?
Premature atrial contraction (find the underlying rhythm and then figure out the accessory rhythm and look for compensatory pause)
29
What is the rhythm?
A-fib (Think irregularly irregular)
30
What is the rhythm?
A-flutter (Sawtooth pattern)
31
What is the rhythm?
Premature ventricular contraction
32
What is the rhythm?
1st-degree AV Block
33
What is the rhythm?
Bigeminy PVC (PVC after every other normal beat)
34
What is the rhythm?
Trigeminy PVC (PCV on the 3rd beat)
35
What is the rhythm?
2nd degree Type 1 AV Block or Wenckebach
36
What is the rhythm?
2nd degree Type 2 AV Block
37
What is the rhythm?
Complete heart block or 3rd degree AVB
38
What is the rhythm?
Vtach (150-180 bpm)
39
What is the rhythm?
Vfib
40
Polymorphic vtach is also known as _________-
Torsades de Pointes
41
How do you treat V-fib?
Defibrillation (electricity)
42
How do you treat polymorphic vtach?
Magnesium and Defibrillation
43
What general anesthetics will cause sensitive myocardium?
Halothane and enflurane
44
Catacholamine Excess sources?
Pheochromocytoma, and substances (Cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine)
45
What anesthetic gas can cause bradycardia in infants?
Too much Sevoflurane
46
What anesthetic gas can cause prolonged QT during induction?
Desflurane
47
Smashing the face mask will cause pressure to build up in the eye and will result in bradycardia due to what reflex? and what is the treatment?
Oculocardiac Reflex Tx: Atrpine or glycopyrrolate
48
A local anesthetic will cause a _____________ block. Which will result in ___________.
Sympathetic Severe Bradycardia
49
What happens if you inject local anesthetic into the blood vessel? What is the treatment?
Risk of cardiac toxicity Treat with 20% Lipid emulsion for toxicity
50
Endotracheal intubation can put pressure on the _________, resulting in bradycardia and other hemodynamic disturbances.
vagus nerve.
51
There can be autonomic reflexes during a surgical case stimulation of the carotid baroreceptors can cause_________.
Bradycardia *Prevent this by asking the surgeon to put more local anesthetic around the area or slap their hand*
52
During a laparoscopic case, insufflation can cause ____________ due to _________________.
Bradycardia due to loss of venous return.
53
Tugging the ___________ or _________ will cause bradycardia.
Peritoneum; Cervix *Hysterectomy*
54
What is the rhythm?
Sinus Rhythm with Trigeminy
55
What is the rhythm?
PSVT
56
What is the rhythm?
Ventricular Paced
57
What is the rhythm?
2nd degree AV Block Type II
58
What is the rhythm?
Artifact
59
What is the rhythm?
PAC
60
What is the rhythm?
A-fib *Rhythm is irregularly irregular*
61
What is the rhythm?
Atrial Paced
62
What is the rhythm?
Atrial Flutter
63
What is the rhythm?
A-fib *Rhythm is irregularly irregular*
64
What is the rhythm?
Sinus Brady
65
What is the rhythm?
Sinus Rhythm with PJC *See the retrograde p-wave?*
66
What is the rhythm?
V-fib
67
What is the rhythm?
A-fib
68
What is the rhythm?
SVT
69
What is the rhythm?
Junctional Tachy *Sometimes there might not be the classic retrograde p-wave*
70
What is the rhythm?
Idioventricular Rhythm or IVR
71
What is the rhythm?
AV Sequential Pacer
72
What is the rhythm?
Idioventricular Rhythm or IVR
73
What is the rhythm?
Artifact *Look at both leads, they do not correlate.*
74
What is the rhythm?
A-fib with Bigeminy
75
What is the rhythm?
Sinus with Junctional Escape *Look at the fourth beat, no p-wave*
76
What is the rhythm? How would you treat this?
Torsades de Pointes *Treat with magnesium and defibrillation
77
What is the rhythm?
Accelerated Junctional Rhythm
78
What is the rhythm?
Sinus Rhythm with Hyperkalemia
79
What is the rhythm?
A-fib
80
What is the rhythm?
2nd degree Type 2 AVB
81
What is the rhythm?
ST with PVC
82
What is the rhythm?
Sinus Arrest *Can be caused by adenosine or the patient being hypoxic*
Health Assessment Spring 26
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