Exam 1 extra stuff

Question 1

Soluble items

Answer 1

Proteins, Carbs, Gasses, Buffers, Drugs

Question 2

Insoluble items

Answer 2

Cholesterol, steroid hormones, lipids, drugs

Question 3

What does magnesium do inside the cell?

Answer 3

• Slows things down
• Chemical co-factor to help complete or speed-u reactions

Question 4

What is Simple Diffusion?

Answer 4

• Moving down concentration gradient
• Ion channel: Sodium moves down its concentration gradient.

Question 5

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

Answer 5

• Need a carrier/transport protein. Conformation change –> moved into cell.
• No energy being consumed

Question 6

What is Active Transport?

Answer 6

Pumps rely on energy (ATP)

Question 7

What is Secondary Active Transport & Ion/Compound Echangers?

Answer 7

• 2 things pumped in same direction= Co-transport.
• 2 things pumped in opposite direction= Syn transport.
• Indirectly use ATP
  Exchanger:
• Sodium calcium exchanger: Ca++ does not want to leave cell.
• Takes 3 Na+ moving into cell to move 1 Ca++ out of cell due to gradient.

Question 8

What is Phosphocreatinine used for?

Answer 8

• Used to replenish/augment ATP
• Able to be phosphorylated
• Short-term fix

Question 9

Where is Calcium stored inside the cell?

Answer 9

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 10

What do Peroxisomes do? Where are they?

Answer 10

• Float in cytosol
• Use oxidative stress/oxidation & H2O2 to break things into pieces.
• Catalase: works on pathways that generate & regulate H2O2
• Ex: In liver to destroy ethanol into acid aldehyde

Question 11

• Phosphatidylinositol (PI)

Answer 11

Can be used as a signaling compound. IP, IP2, IP3 (smooth muscle).

Question 12

Phosphatidylserine (PS)

Answer 12

• Usually only found inside cell wall. If seen outside of cell then immune system will kill it. Is usually a signal of cell or tissue damage. Can also help ID bacteria.
• Flippase (an enzyme): checks for PS flipping
• Will not work if not enough ATP

Question 13

• Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE):

Answer 13

Nervous system. Involved in protein folding.

Question 14

• Phosphatidylcholine (PCh):

Answer 14

o Inside the cell wall as storage compound.
o Has a choline attached, could be used to make acetylcholine.
o Used at the Neuromuscular junction!
o ACh precursor
o Neurotransmitter

Question 15

• Glycoproteins

Answer 15

o Proteins embedded in the membrane have sugars attached to them that stick p on the outside cell wall. Tend to have Negative charge. Many proteins are Negatively charged, it helps proteins in the ECF from sticking to cell wall.

Question 16

• Glycocalyx

Answer 16

• The collection of both proteins & carbs on the outside of the cell. Make a Gel-like barrier.
• Negatively charged

Question 17

• Facilitated diffusion:

Answer 17

o No energy being consumed.
o Need carrier/transport protein. Conformational change  moved into cell.

Question 18

• Sodium Potassium ATPase:

Answer 18

o For each cycle it uses 1 ATP leaving ADP, which finds another mitochondria to get another phosphate.
o 3Na+ moving out & 2K+ moving in simultaneously
o Pumping an extra + charged Ion out of cell making cell more Negative charge.
o If no ATP present to run pumps= bad
o Highest expenditures in the body

Question 19

• Primary active Transport:

Answer 19

o Pump uses ATP directly across membrane against their gradient

Question 20

• Depolarization

Answer 20

o Threshold is ~ -55mV
o Voltage-gated Na+ channel’s Activation gates (M-gates) open letting Na+ into cell
o Around +30mV Na+ channel’s Inactivation gates(H-gates) close

Question 21

• Repolarization:

Answer 21

o Absolute Refractory Period
o Returning to resting membrane potential ~ -70mV
o +30mV will inactivate the Inactivation gates (M-gates) of Na+
o Voltage gated K+ channels are activated & lets K+ out of cell returning to ~ -90mV
o K+ channels are slower to close causing hyperpolarization

Question 22

• Hyperpolarize

Answer 22

o Making a cell more negative to ~ -90mV
o Once at RMP the Na+ channel’s Inactivation gates open again & Activation Gates close

Question 23

• Neuron Anatomy

Answer 23

o Soma: Controls upkeep of neuron
o Dendrites: Receiving end of neuron
o Axon: Sending part of neuron
o Axon Hillock: Important role in if a neuron can send an action potential
o Myelin: Insulation
o Presynaptic: Releases neurotransmitters
o Postsynaptic: Receives info

Question 24

o Astrocytes:

Answer 24

 BBB, most abundant
 Regulate ionic composition of CSF
 Neuron repair
 Help with recycling neurotransmitters

Question 25

Microglia:

Answer 25

CSF clean-up & CNS

Question 26

Ependymal Cells:

Answer 26

- Produce CSF - Located in all 4 ventricles

Question 27

Peroxisomes

Answer 27

- Enzyme: Catalase - Regulates H2O2 via Oxidative stress reactions - Heavily present in the liver

Question 28

Lysosomes

Answer 28

- Enzyme: Hydrolase - Metabolic reaction: Hydrolysis adding H+ & OH group to break things apart - Faster in acidic environment - Can help digest food in GI system

Question 29

Where is calcium stored intracellularly

Answer 29

Endoplastic reticulum