Exam

Question 1

Who started the Christchurch Health and Development Study?

Answer 1

Professor Fred Shannon (To examine the impact of single parents on the health and wellbeing of children)

Question 2

When did the Chch Health and Development study start?

Answer 2

1977

Question 3

What type of study is the Chch H&D Study?

Answer 3

Prospective longitudinal design

Question 4

What are some of the long term impacts of CPP (child physical punishment)?

Answer 4

Lower quality partner relationships, Mental and physical health problems, substance use, education underachievement, and criminal activity.

Question 5

How prevalent is CPP in NZ?

Answer 5

1 in 4 (equal to 60,000 kids in 2019)

Question 6

What are strong predictors for parents committing CPP/A?

Answer 6

Young parents, child’s age (2-4), low SES, current IPV

Question 7

How many Pacific Islanders are in NZ?

Answer 7

60,000

Question 8

What % of PI’ers were born in NZ?

Answer 8

60%

Question 9

Who was involved in the PIF study?

Answer 9

Birth cohort of 1398 born at Middlemore hospital in 2000, includes baby, mother, and father (and teacher from age 6).

Question 10

WHat is Acculturation?

Answer 10

Culture change that is initiated by the conjunctions of two or more autonomous culture systems

Question 11

What are the Acculturation groups?

Answer 11

Integrator (Aligned to both), Separator (more aligned to traditional), Assimilator (more aligned to dominant), Marginal (aligned to neither).

Question 12

What acculturation group is better for health outcomes?

Answer 12

Separator (high on traditional culture, low on dominant culture)

Question 13

What is substance use disorder (SUD)?

Answer 13

Patterns of substance use leading to significant impairment and distress

Question 14

What is psychological dependence?

Answer 14

A craving or compulsion to use a drug despite significant harm, not always having withdrawal symptoms

Question 15

What is physical dependence?

Answer 15

Susceptibility to withdrawal symptoms occurs w/ tolerance

Question 16

What is tolerance?

Answer 16

When the CNS gradually becomes less responsive to stimulation by a drug (CNS=cental nervous system)

Question 17

Risk of opioid use in pregnancy?

Answer 17

HIV, Maternal death, SIDS, babies born with addiction

Question 18

What are the treatment aims for MMT?

Answer 18

Reduce opiate use by suppressing withdrawal, stabilising behaviours, Reduce obstetric complications, increase contact with healthcare specialists.

Question 19

What is Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS)?

Answer 19

Withdrawl from in utero opioid exposure (treated pharmacologically with morphine)

Question 20

How does neonatal exposure to methadone affect later development?

Answer 20

Cognitive delays, poorer language skills, social communication difficulties, behaviour problems

Question 21

How does the dual hazard model relate to ME (Methadone exposed) kids?

Answer 21

Life Struggles start with prenatal exposure and can continue on with post-natal caregiving environments (low SES, low family education, single parent etc)

Question 22

What is attachment?

Answer 22

A close emotional bond between infant and primary caregivers

Question 23

What was Harry Harlows (1959) Theory of Attachment

Answer 23

Attachment was the result of comfort and security (cloth vs wire monkey experiment)

Question 24

What did John Bowlby (1969) contribute to Attachment theory?

Answer 24

Ecological approach, attachment is instinctive, biologically programmed. Goal of attachment = maintain proximity to caregiver.

Question 25

What is the circle of security?

Answer 25

Provides infants with a secure base to explore the world, but can always return to safety (parent) - Bowlby (1969)

Question 26

What are factors that influence Attachment?

Answer 26

Caregiver characteristics, quality of parenting, social and family resources, maternal absence.

Question 27

What attachment protocol did Mary Ainsworth develop?

Answer 27

The Strange Situation

Question 28

How does the Strange Situation measure attachment?

Answer 28

Based on how the child reacts when the mother-child is reunited after a separation

Question 29

What are the 4 types of attachment?

Answer 29

Secure (best), Avoidant-Insecure, Resistant-Insecure, Disorganized-Insecure (worst).

Question 30

What brain function trumps all others?

Answer 30

The fight/flight/freeze response to a threat

Question 31

Is all stress dangerous?

Answer 31

No! Dysregulation is important for learning to manage situations (resources to cope are essential)

Question 32

What is the window of tolerance?

Answer 32

When a child isn't too stressed or overwhelmed. A middle zone where learning can occur.

Question 33

What is a parent's job in relation to a child's stress?

Answer 33

Not to rescue, but to create a scaffold so that the child can experience the "uncomfortable" with greater comfort.

Question 34

What is trauma?

Answer 34

When a person is exposed to a situation when their lives or those they love are in danger and/or are completely overwhelmed by a situation

Question 35

What happens when we feel hypervigilant and unsafe in the world?

Answer 35

The fight/flight/freeze alarm keeps getting tricked and we feel dysregulated a lot

Question 36

What factors play a part in someone's alarm system?

Answer 36

Genetics, early environment, reactions/resources of others, past experiences (Not all alarm systems are created equal!)

Question 37

The effects of trauma are...?

Answer 37

Cumulative (not including the important small doses of stress)

Question 38

What is the antidote for stress?

Answer 38

Safe and meaningful social connection

Question 39

What did John Gottman ask?

Answer 39

Why should we care about great friendships and love relationships?

Question 40

What do great friendships and love relationships result in?

Answer 40

Greater; health, wealth, resilience, longevity, more successful children

Question 41

What is the Whanau/Family life cycle?

Answer 41

A delicate balance. A change in the system can mean readjustments for the whole system, causing challenges for everyone.

Question 42

How does the Whanau/Family model work?

Answer 42

Each stage has tasks to be completed before moving to next stage

Question 43

What is Social Exchange Theory?

Answer 43

Emphasising the critical role in close social relationships of mutual exchange of benefits (reinforces) and cost (punishes)

Question 44

What are the stages of conflict?

Answer 44

1. Conflict 2. Stressful circumstances 3. Precipitating event 4. Engagement or avoidance 5. Interaction 6. Immediate outcomes 7. Return to normal

Question 45

What are the consequences of coercion?

Answer 45

Escalation, strong negative feelings, dislike, anger, avoidance.

Question 46

4 toxic communication styles that predict divorce? (85% accuracy).

Answer 46

Criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling

Question 47

What did the Parental Alienation (Balmer et al., 2018) reading find?

Answer 47

Signified the seriousness of the impact of exposure to parental alienation for targeted parents

Question 48

What did the Natural Principals of Love (John and Julie Gottman, 2017) reading find?

Answer 48

The Sound Relationship House Theory

Question 49

What was found in the Davie-Grey (2013) reading?

Answer 49

MM women had complex reproductive histories, chronic health problems, low SES, and mental health comorbidities.