Exam 2

Question 1

Cellular respiration is….

Answer 1

A process to generate energy using oxygen.

Question 2

In aerobic respiration what is glucose converted into what?

Answer 2

CO2, H2O, and energy.

Question 3

Name the 4 steps of cellular respiration.

Answer 3

1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate oxidation
3. Citric acid cycle
4. electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

Question 4

In fermentation in humans what is glucose converted into?

Answer 4

Lactic acid.

Question 5

What is the reason for fermentation?

Answer 5

To recycle NADH into NAD+ to continue the cycle when there is no oxygen avaliable.

Question 6

What molecule is the electron carrier that starts the electron transport chain?

Answer 6

Oxygen.

Question 7

Glycolysis converts glucose into what?

Answer 7

Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH.

Question 8

What is the starting carbon molecule for the citric acid cycle?

Answer 8

Acetyl-CoA.

Question 9

Name 3 of the products of the citric acid cycle.

Answer 9

ATP, NADH, FADH 2, CO2

Question 10

What does ATP synthase do and what is it powered by?

Answer 10

It makes ATP and is powered by a protein gradient.

Question 11

what are inputs and outputs of photosynthesis generally?

Answer 11

Inputs are light, carbon dioxide, and water. Outputs are oxygen and sugar.

Question 12

What happens in light dependant reactions?

Answer 12

Light is used to create ATP and NADPH.

Question 13

What is the main pigment in plants?

Answer 13

Chlorophyll.

Question 14

If a cell has 1 photosystem what type of photosynthesis will it perform?

Answer 14

Cyclic photophosphorylatioin.

Question 15

What does the photosystem do?

Answer 15

It is the thing with pigment that gathers light.

Question 16

what happens in the light independent reactions?

Answer 16

CO2 and energy is used to make glucose.

Question 17

Photosynthesis and respiration create an energy cycle. Explain what is meant by this.

Answer 17

The products made by photosynthesis are used in respiration to produce energy and the products of respiration are used in photosynthesis to produce more energy.

Question 18

what is the name of the cycle in the light independent or dark reactions?

Answer 18

The Kelvin cycle.

Question 19

What is DNA replication?

Answer 19

When DNA is replicated. The DNA is unwound from the double helix and each strand is used as a template for replication.

Question 20

Name and describe the function of 3 of the enzymes involved in the DNA replication.

Answer 20

1. Single strand binding proteins - coat the strands of DNA to keep them from rewinding into double helix
2. Helicase - unwinds DNA
3. Topoisomerase - Takes knots and twists out of DNA

Question 21

What is the name of the chromosome structure at the end of the chromosome?

Answer 21

The telomere.

Question 22

what is the process of bacterial cell division called?

Answer 22

Binary fission.

Question 23

List in order the stages of the cell cycle.

Answer 23

1. Interphase
   A. G1 - main growth phase
   B. S - DNA is replicated
   C. G2 - organelles are made
2. Mphase
   A. Mitosis - DNA is split
   B. Cytokinesis - cells split

Question 24

Describe the stages of mitosis.

Answer 24

1. Prometaphase - DNA compresses and forms X’s and microtubules attach
2. Metaphase - Chromosomes are moved to a single line in the middle of the cell
3. Anaphase - Sister chromatids are split
4. Telophase - Nuclear envelope reforms around both sets of chromosomes and chromosomes relax

Question 25

What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 25

1. In meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair and cross over 2. Chromosomes line up in double line 3. No DNA is produced between Meiosis 1 and 2 4. Chromatids stay connected through anaphase 1

Question 26

What are the proteins (or protein complex) that control the cycle?

Answer 26

MPF, Cdc2, and cyclin.

Question 27

Describe the stages of meiosis.

Answer 27

Meiosis 1 A. Prophase 1 - Chromosomes compress, synapsis occurs, and microtubules attach B. Metaphase 1 - chromosomes move to the middle of the cell in double line C. Anaphase 1 - homologous chromosomes are split D. Telophase 1 - nuclear envelope reforms Meiosis 2 A. prophase 2 - Same as 1 B. Metaphase 2 - Chromosomes move to middle of cell C. Anaphase 2 - sister chromatids are separated D. Telophase 2 - nuclear envelope reforms Results in 4 haploid cells.

Question 28

What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?

Answer 28

A genotype are the genes an organism has. A phenotype is the traits an organism has.

Question 29

Height is a trait that many different phenotype. what is the explanation for variation?

Answer 29

There is not only one gene that affects height.

Question 30

What does it mean to be heterozygous?

Answer 30

To have 2 different alleles.

Question 31

What is the difference between a gene that is dominant, co-dominant, or incomplete dominant in heterozygous situations?

Answer 31

1. If a gene is dominant, it gets its way and is expressed 2. If a gene is co-dominant, both genes get their way and are expressed 3. If a gene is incompletely dominant, neither gene gets their way and are watered down

Question 32

What is it called if an organism has more or less copies of chromosome than it is normal?

Answer 32

Polypeptide.