Applied Neuroscience > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Monoamines

A

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

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2
Q

Amino acids

A

glutamate, GABA

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3
Q

Peptides

A

endorphins

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4
Q

Acetylcholine function

A

learning and memory, neuromuscular junction

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5
Q

Acetylcholine synthesis

A

Comes from fat we eat (enzyme takes product in fat and combines it with chemicals)

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6
Q

Acetylcholine Elimination

A

Acetylcholinesterase clears it; it is found in the synapse

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7
Q

Acetylcholine distribution

A
  • brain, spinal cord, muscles
  • large group of neurons project from the basal forebrain and brain stem
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8
Q

Acetylcholine receptors

A
  • muscarinic
  • nicotinic
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9
Q

Muscarinic receptors are

A

metabotropic and excitatory

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10
Q

Nicotinic receptors are

A
  • ionotropic and excitatory
  • receptor type on skeletal muscles
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11
Q

Psilocybin mimics what

A

the actions of serotonin

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12
Q

Dopamine function

A

controls voluntary movement, motivation, reward, addiction

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13
Q

Dopamine Distribution

A
  1. substantia nigra to caudate putamen (parkinson’s)
  2. VTA to NAc
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14
Q

Dopamine synthesis

A

from the amino acid tyrosine which is in proteins we eat

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15
Q

Dopamine elimination

A
  1. re-uptake via the dopamine transporter
  2. Degradation via monoamine oxidase (MAO)
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16
Q

Dopamine receptors

A
  • 5 types, all metabotropic
  • both inhibitory and excitatory
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17
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine function

A

stress, arousal, wakefulness & attention, learning and memory

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18
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine synthesis

A

dopamine

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19
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine distribution

A

locus coeruleus and adrenal glands

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20
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine elimination

A
  1. re-uptake via the norepinephrine transporter (NET)
  2. Degradation via MAO
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21
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine receptors

A

all metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors

alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2, beta3

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22
Q

Serotonin function

A

regulates mood, learning and memory, sleep, appetite

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23
Q

Serotonin distribution

A

project from raphe nuclei all over the brain and spinal cord

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24
Q

Serotonin synthesis

A

from the amino acid, tryptophan which comes from proteins we eat

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25
Serotonin elimination
1. re-uptake via the Serotonin transporter 2. degradation via MAO
26
Serotonin receptors
- at least 14 types, most metabotropic - inhibitory and excitatory
27
Glutamate function
learning and memory, basically every brain function and behavior
28
Glutamate synthesis
from glutamine which comes from proteins we eat
29
Glutamate elimination
1. re-uptake via the Glutamate transporter 2. Degradation via glutamate dehydrogenase
30
Glutamate distribution
everywhere in the brain
31
Glutamate receptors
- all excitatory - 8 metabotropic - 3 ionotropic: AMPA, NMDA, kainate
32
Metabolism of alcohol
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) -> Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) -> acetic acidH
33
GABA Synthesis
From Glutamate
34
GABA Elimination
1. re-uptake via the GABA transporter 2. Degradation via GABA amino transferase
35
GABA distributino
everywhere in the brain
36
GABA receptors
all inhibitory, 3 main types ionotropic and metabotropic
37
Beta-endorphin function
pain relief, runners high
38
Beta-endorphin synthesis
from proteins we eat
39
Beta-endorphin elimination
enzymatic degradation, chemical breakdown
40
Beta-endorphin distribution
neurons project from hypothalamus to all regions of the brain and spinal cord
41
Beta-endorphin receptors
3 kinds: mu, kappa, delta All inhibitory and metabotropic
42
How do psychoactive drugs work?
Altering chemical neurotransmission via different mechanisms
43
5 ways psychoactive drugs work
1. mimic neurotransmitter (agonist) 2. block receptors (antagonists) 3. block reuptake transporters 4. block enzymatic degradation 5. increase synthesis of neurotransmitter
44
Heroin
Agonist at opioid receptors, stimulates them
45
Marijuana
Agonist at cannabinoid receptors
46
Naltrexone
competitive antagonist at opioid receptors
47
SSRIs block
serotonin transporters
48
Ritalin blocks
dopamine transporter
49
Ecstasy blocks
serotonin transporter
50
Cocaine blocks
dopamine transporter
51
Example of a psychoactive drug that blocks the enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitters
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI)
52
Methamphetamine reverses
Dopamine transporter protein
53
Nicotine
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
54
Alcohol
GABA agonist, glutamate agonist, many others
55
Valium
GABA agonist
56
Pharmacodynamics
mechanism of action of a drug
57
Pharmacokinetics
the timing of the drug effect
58
Drugs of abuse
depressants, stimulants, narcotics, hallucinogens, marijuana
59
Therapeutic drugs
anti-anxiety, anti-depression, anti-psychotic meds
60
61
Heavy drinking effects
liver damage, fetal alcohol syndrome, brain damage, withdrawal
62
Depressant drugs
alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates
63
Stimulant drugs
cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, ritalin, caffeine, nicotine
64
Narcotic drugs
heroin, opium, morphine, codeine
65
Hallucinogenic drugs
magic mushrooms, LSD
66
Drug Addiction Definition
A chronically relapsing disorder that is characterized by the compulsion to seek and take the drug, the loss of control in limiting intake, and the emergence of a negative emotional state when access to the drug is withdrawn
67
3 Features of drug addiction
1. tolerance 2. dependence 3. loss of control
68
Tolerance definition
Decreased effect with repeated use, need to take more to produce the same effect
69
Dependence definition
the "need" for a drug. Withdrawal symptoms occur upon cessation of use
70
Acute functional tolerance
tolerance which occurs within a signle drug exposure
71
Neuroadaptation
a long-lasting change that occurs in the brain in response to a stimulus (in this case a drug) which tends to reverse the mechanism of action of the drug
72
Experiences that produce pleasure increase dopamine in the
Nucleus Accumbens
73
Reinforcement
Learning process that leads to repetition of a behavior
74
Reinforcer
Object or experience that follows a behavior and leads to an increase in that behavior
75
Operant conditioning
method used to demonstrate reinforcement. animal learns behavior in order to get a reward
76
Positive reinforcement
reward follows behavior
77
Negative reinforcement
removing an aversive stimulus follows the behavior
78
Applied Neuroscience
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