Exam #2 Flashcards by Rain Sanchez

1.Descriptive statistics should be reported in every study to:

a. determine validity.
b. indicate reliability.
c. provide a powerful analysis of data.
d. show the sample characteristics.

d.show the sample characteristics

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A researcher notes that 3 of 30 subjects had extreme anxiety scores when compared with the other subjects. These three subjects would be treated as:

a. deviants.
b. outliers.
c. unexpected findings.
d. ungrouped participants.

b.outliers.

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3.Results of an ANOVA analysis of three specialty nursing groups indicate there is a significant difference between groups on the practice of spiritual care. To determine where the difference occurs, the researcher would need to run which statistical analyses?

a. Confirmatory
b. Post hoc
c. Predictive
d. Relational

b.Post hoc

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4.The likelihood that a statistical value obtained through analysis of the data is likely to occur in any two samples selected from the same population is called:

a. degrees of freedom.
b. induction.
c. interval estimation.
d. probability.

d.probability.

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The level of significance usually set in nursing studies is at either:
a. 5 or .1.
b. .03 or .003.
c. .05 or .01.
d. 005 or .001.

c..05 or .01.

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A researcher reports that results of a study were not statistically significant. How is this to be interpreted?
a. Intervention was not strong enough to make a difference.
b. Researcher does not have enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
c. Researcher’s logic or conceptualization in setting up the study was faulty.
d. Topic is of no further interest to nurse researchers or clinicians.

b.Researcher does not have enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.

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A statistically significant finding means that:

a. findings are clinically important and valuable.
b. interventions should be used in clinical practice.
c. obtained results are not likely to have been due to chance.
d. results will be the same if the study is repeated with another sample.

c.obtained results are not likely to have been due to chance.

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Which of the following questions relates to generalization?

a. Are the findings generally significant to people in the study?
b. Can these findings be applied to other groups or settings?
c. Does the degree of control in the study allow for statistical significance?
d. How many alternative explanations or rival hypotheses can be proposed?

b.Can these findings be applied to other groups or settings?

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Which of the following interpretations is acceptable as worded?

a. Findings suggest that cholesterol levels influence cardiac blood flow.
b. Results demonstrate that lithium has hazardous side effects in all humans.
c. The positive correlation between age and reaction time indicates that age is a causal factor in automobile accidents.
d. The study proved that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer.

a.Findings suggest that cholesterol levels influence cardiac blood flow.

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10.Which of the following is true about Type I errors?

a. Considered only when results are not statistically significant in a study
b. Extremely likely to happen when p is less than 0.001
c. More likely to happen when p is less than 0.01 rather than p is less than 0.05
d. Occur when the researcher says there is a significance, but findings are actually not statistically significant

d.Occur when the researcher says there is a significance, but findings are actually not statistically significant

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Level of significance, sample size, power, and effect size are the four components of:
a. decision theory.
b. exploratory analysis.
c. inference.
d. power analysis.

d.power analysis.

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12.Under what condition would the mean, median, and mode be equal?

a. Equal range and standard deviation
b. Multimodal distribution of scores
c. Normal distribution of scores
d. Small variance

c.Normal distribution of scores

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13.If a nurse researcher found that older patients asked fewer questions before surgery than younger patients, the relationship would be described statistically as:

a. negative.
b. null.
c. positive.
d. random.

a.negative.

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Which of the following can be measured using direct measures?

a. Age, gender, height, and weight
b. Anxiety and coping
c. Opinions and feelings
d. Personality and hardiness

a. Age, gender, height, and weight

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An indirect measure would be used to measure which of the following?

a. Heart rate
b. Oxygen saturation
c. Spiritual perspective
d. Temperature

c. Spiritual perspective

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The difference between the observed score and what exists in reality (true score) is called:

a. homogeneity.
b. measurement error.
c. split-half reliability.
d. standard deviation.

b. measurement error.

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A researcher collecting ethnic data assigns the following numerical labels:

1 equals Caucasian

2 equals African American

3 equals Mexican American

4 equals Asian

This is an example of which type of data?

a. Interval
b. Nominal
c. Ordinal
d. Ratio

b. Nominal

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The lowest level of measurement is:

a. interval.
b. nominal.
c. ordinal.
d. ratio.

b. nominal.

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A researcher records the weight of subjects in a study as:
(1) normal for height.
(2) overweight for height.
(3) underweight for height.

A nominal level of measurement is used. Which of the following levels of measurement could also be used?

a. Categorical
b. Interval
c. Ordinal
d. Ratio

c. Ordinal

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Data characteristics that can be ranked are measured on which scale?

a. Interval
b. Nominal
c. Ordinal
d. Ratio

c. Ordinal

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What level of measurement does this scale represent?
(1) less than $10,000
(2) $10,001 to $25,000
(3) $25,001 to $40,000
(4) greater than $40,000

a. Interval
b. Nominal
c. Ordinal
d. Ratio

c. Ordinal

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What level of measurement is represented by the following?

For families of three children, indicate where the male child is in the birth order.

_______ (1) Oldest

_______ (2) Middle

_______ (3) Youngest

a. Interval
b. Nominal
c. Ordinal
d. Ratio

c. Ordinal

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A blood hemoglobin measurement of 13.5 g/100 mL would be which level of measurement?

a. Interval
b. Nominal
c. Ordinal
d. Ratio

d.Ratio

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Which level of measurement is indicated when referring to a temperature of 70° F?

a. Interval
b. Nominal
c. Ordinal
d. Ratio

a. Interval

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12. Which of the following scales has an absolute zero point? a. Interval b. Nominal c. Ordinal d. Ratio

d. Ratio

13. A researcher studying time and motion measures how long it takes the nurse to do a particular task. The time is recorded in minutes for comparison with other subjects. This is an example of which type of measurement? a. Interval b. Nominal c. Ordinal d. Ratio

d. Ratio

14. Which uses the higher level of measurement: temperature in Fahrenheit degrees or weight in kilograms? a. Both are measured at the same level b. Not enough information given to make a decision c. Temperature d. Weight

d. Weight

15. Which of the following represents the same idea for physiological instruments as reliability does for psychosocial instruments? a. Accuracy b. Precision c. Selectivity d. Sensitivity

b. Precision

16. Which of the following alpha coefficients would be the lowest value you would accept in evaluating the reliability of a well-developed measurement tool? a. .25 b. .50 c. .65 d. .80

d. .80

17. A correlation coefficient is used in tool development to determine: a. equivalence of items. b. reliability. c. stability. d. validity.

b. reliability.

18. Which is true about test-retest reliability? a. Is not useful in situations where the variable is dynamic and changing b. Reflects a measure of instrument accuracy c. Requires at least 3 weeks between test and retest administration d. Requires a correlation between the two administrations of .30 or greater

a. Is not useful in situations where the variable is dynamic and changing

19. Consistency is associated with: a. content analysis. b. level of measurement. c. reliability. d. validity.

c. reliability.

20. Serendipitous findings are best dealt with in which of the following ways? a. Included in the final written report b. Incorporated into the ongoing study c. Ignored because they are suspect findings d. Interchanged with the dependent variable

a. Included in the final written report

21. In the research process, a critical factor in data collection is: a. consistency. b. flexibility. c. observation. d. timeliness.

a. consistency.

22. A major advantage of using a questionnaire for data collection is that a questionnaire: a. allows for follow-up on subject’s responses. b. can be distributed to large samples. c. eliminates all sources of bias in subject’s responses. d. is easy to construct.

b. can be distributed to large samples.

23. Which of the following is an advantage of observational methods of data collection? a. Data are free from distortions or biases. b. Inferences are based on attitudes and values of the observer. c. Subjectivity of researcher’s observations adds credibility. d. These directly capture a record of events and behaviors.

d. These directly capture a record of events and behaviors.

24. Which of the following is true about Likert scales? a. Data from each item are at the ratio level of measurement. b. Response set biases are not a problem. c. Scores from individual items can be summed for a total score. d. There must be seven response options for each item.

c. Scores from individual items can be summed for a total score.

25. Interviews are generally preferable to questionnaires because: a. the quality of data tends to be higher. b. there is less opportunity for bias. c. they are easier to analyze. d. they are less expensive.

a. the quality of data tends to be higher.

List 3 ethical principles that are relevant to the conduct of research involving human subjects.

1. Respect for persons 2. Beneficience 3. Justice

List 3 examples of legally or mentally incompetent subjects.

1. Children 2. Mentally impaired 3. Prisoners

Maintaining confidentiality is more difficult in qualitative or quantitative research?

qualitative

In Hospitals, before a study is conducted, it must be reviewed by a committee of peers called an ______ _______ _______

IRB

1. A researcher who does not disclose that a portion of the data from the original study sample was not used in the final data analysis could be accused of: a. infidelity b. lack of scientific objectivity c. plagiarism d. scientific misconduct

d. scientific misconduct

2. If a researcher unobtrusively observes interactions among patients in a psychiatric hospital for the purposes of data collection, which human right may be violated? a. Confidentiality b. Freedom from harm c. Justice d. Self-determination

d. Self-determination

3. One example of a research population with diminished autonomy (vulnerability) would be: a. college students. b. members of a senior citizen center. c. mentally ill patients. d. middle-aged women.

c. mentally ill patients.

4. In a study of patients experiencing arthritis, the researcher used real names in the field notes. Which human right was violated? a. Fair treatment b. Privacy c. Protection from discomfort d. Self-determination

b. Privacy

5. The safeguard mechanism by which even the researcher cannot link the participant with the information provided is called: a. anonymity. b. confidentiality. c. informed consent. d. right to privacy.

a. anonymity.

6. In a study in which nurses rated weekend versus weekday work schedule preference, the researcher permitted nursing administrators to examine the raw data. Which human right was violated? a. Confidentiality b. Fair treatment c. Protection from harm d. Self-determination

a. Confidentiality

7. A questionnaire has an ID number in one corner that allows the research team to identify the subject. This is an example of: a. anonymity. b. confidentiality. c. deception. d. informed consent.

b. confidentiality.

8. A research subject reported to a nurse that he was not receiving as much physical therapy as his friend who was not in the study. Which human right needs to be investigated? a. Anonymity b. Fair treatment c. Privacy d. Self-determination

b. Fair treatment

9. The researcher’s efforts to maximize benefits and minimize risks refer to the research subject’s right to: a. anonymity and confidentiality. b. fair treatment. c. protection from discomfort and harm. d. self-determination.

c. protection from discomfort and harm.

10. Subjects who volunteered to receive an experimental treatment for AIDS are educated about essential study information, assessed for understanding of this information, and asked to willingly participate in the research study. This process is referred to as: a. contractual agreement. b. debriefing. c. informed consent. d. legal liability.

c. informed consent.

11. Competence of a potential research subject to give informed consent is typically determined by the: a. closest of kin. b. patient. c. primary health care provider. d. researcher.

d. researcher.

12. The purpose of an institutional review board (IRB) is to: a. critique the research methods of a study. b. design and develop research studies. c. determine the extent to which human rights will be protected in a study. d. review the costs associated with an institutional study.

c. determine the extent to which human rights will be protected in a study.

13. The goal of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) addresses which of the following? The principle or right of/to: a. beneficence b. justice c. respect d. self-determination

b. justice

14. Which of the following is not among the rights of research subjects that are protected in ethical research? a. Fair pay for participation b. Privacy c. Protection from discomfort and harm d. Self-determination

a. Fair pay for participation

15. The current practice with regard to research on neonates is: a. only nonviable neonates should become research subjects. b. parents are allowed to give consent on behalf of the neonate. c. studies with neonates must include a pilot study. d. they are extremely vulnerable and should not be involved in research.

b. parents are allowed to give consent on behalf of the neonate.

1. The target population for a study is Hispanic men over 55 years of age who have never been screened for prostate cancer. a. What is the population?

Hispanic men

1. The target population for a study is Hispanic men over 55 years of age who have never been screened for prostate cancer. b. What might be an accessible population?

Hispanic men over 55 years who work for a large manufacturing plant that has an employee health nurse

The sampling criteria for a study are (1) men and women over age 25 years, (2) who have no chronic illness, (3) who can read and write either English or Spanish, and (4) who completed the 9th grade. a. Why might a researcher broadly define the eligibility or sampling criteria for a study?

To be able to recruit a large sample and/or to increase the generalizability of the study findings

The sampling criteria for a study are (1) men and women over age 25 years, (2) who have no chronic illness, (3) who can read and write either English or Spanish, and (4) who completed the 9th grade. b. What type of sample will result from broad eligibility criteria- homogeneous or heterogeneous?

Heterogeneous

The sampling criteria for a study are (1) men and women over age 25 years, (2) who have no chronic illness, (3) who can read and write either English or Spanish, and (4) who completed the 9th grade. c. Which research designs are most consistent with broad eligibility criteria?

Broad sampling criteria are appropriate for descriptive and correlational designs because a range of scores on variables is desirable. The goal of these designs is to accurately represent a phenomenon in a natural setting.

The sample criteria for a study are (1) women between the ages of 35 and 45 years, (2) who have no chronic illness, (3) who are employed, (4) who have completed at least two years of college, and (5) who are not married or partnered. a. Why might a researcher narrowly define the eligibility or sampling criteria for a study?

To create a homogeneous sample with fewer extraneous characteristics that could influence the study findings

The sample criteria for a study are (1) women between the ages of 35 and 45 years, (2) who have no chronic illness, (3) who are employed, (4) who have completed at least two years of college, and (5) who are not married or partnered. b. What are the challenges that can result from narrow eligibility criteria?

May be difficult to recruit persons who fit the criteria and increase the time required to complete the study

The sample criteria for a study are (1) women between the ages of 35 and 45 years, (2) who have no chronic illness, (3) who are employed, (4) who have completed at least two years of college, and (5) who are not married or partnered. c. Which research designs are most consistent with narrow eligibility criteria?

Quasi-experimental and experimental designs. In these studies, the researcher wants tight control to increase the credibility of the findings and to assure that any differences that are found are due to intervention or treatment.

The ______ section compares the analysis of the data in the present study with the results of previous studies. ``` A. Methods B. Discussion C. Framework D. Results E. Review of literature ```

D. Results ??????

The ______ section provides a conceptual picture that is developed from the theoretical literature and sometimes from empirical literature. ``` A. Methods B. Discussion C. Framework D. Results E. Review of literature ```

C. Framework

The ______ section includes both theoretical and empirical sources that document the current knowledge of the problem studied. ``` A. Methods B. Discussion C. Framework D. Results E. Review of literature ```

E. Review of literature

The ______ section of the research report provides conclusions that are a synthesis of the findings from previous research and those from the present study. ``` A. Methods B. Discussion C. Framework D. Results E. Review of literature ```

B. Discussion

The ______ section may cite references to provide support for the procedures and measurement methods used in a study. ``` A. Methods B. Discussion C. Framework D. Results E. Review of literature ```

A. Methods

Exam #2 Flashcards

(70 cards)