What is the main assumption of humanism?
Everyone has potential for growth; focus is on the future
in humanism the human brain is compared to a flower
Humanism differs from previous theories by emphasizing future potential rather than past experiences.
According to Carl Roger’s phenomenological perspective, what matters most?
The subjective experience
While we live in an objective world, it is our personal experiences that hold significance.
Define self-actualization.
Understanding and application of one’s potential
It involves realizing personal growth and capabilities.
What is the organismic valuing process?
Understanding and application of personal values
It refers to the internal process of evaluating experiences based on personal values.
What is the key method in humanistic psychology regarding positive regard?
Need for positive regard
This need influences personal development and self-esteem.
Differentiate between conditional positive regard and unconditional positive regard.
- Conditional positive regard: Acceptance based on conditions
- Unconditional positive regard: Acceptance without conditions
The consequences of these types of regard affect self-esteem and personal growth.
What is client-centered therapy?
A therapeutic approach differing from Freudian psychoanalysis
It emphasizes the client’s perspective and experiences.
What are the levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of motives?
- Physiological needs
- Safety needs
- Love and belonging
- Esteem needs
- Self-actualization
This hierarchy illustrates the progression of human needs.
Differentiate between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation.
- Intrinsic motivation: Driven by internal rewards
- Extrinsic motivation: Driven by external rewards
The SOMA puzzle study illustrates the significance of these motivations.
What does self-determination predict?
Happiness
It relates to factors such as money and marriage.
What is the basic assumption of Trait theory?
Using basic trait dimensions to describe behavioral patterns
It does not attempt to explain the origin or growth of traits.
What are the two approaches in Trait theory?
- Lexical approach
- Statistical approach
These approaches differ in their methods of identifying traits.
Define factor analysis.
A statistical method to identify underlying relationships between variables
It is used to reduce data and identify trait dimensions.
What are the BIG FIVE traits?
- Openness
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
Relevant research supports the significance of these traits.
What is the difference between need for achievement and need for power?
Need for achievement focuses on personal success; need for power focuses on influence over others
Both needs can exhibit sex differences in research.
Define motive theory.
A theory that explores the underlying needs and motives that drive behavior
It includes concepts like need, motive, and press.
What is classical conditioning?
A learning process that pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
It leads to a conditioned response.
List the elements in classical conditioning.
- Unconditioned stimulus
- Unconditioned response
- Conditioned stimulus
- Conditioned response
Understanding these elements is crucial for grasping classical conditioning.
What are the stages of learning in classical conditioning?
- Acquisition
- Extinction
- Spontaneous recovery
These stages describe the process of learning and unlearning associations.
Differentiate between stimulus discrimination and stimulus generalization.
- Stimulus discrimination: Responding differently to similar stimuli
- Stimulus generalization: Responding similarly to different stimuli
Understanding these concepts is key in classical conditioning.
What is operant conditioning?
A learning process where behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment
It emphasizes the consequences of actions.
What is a Skinner box?
A controlled environment used to study operant conditioning
It allows for the observation of behavior in response to reinforcement.
Differentiate between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.
- Positive reinforcement: Adding a stimulus to increase behavior
- Negative reinforcement: Removing a stimulus to increase behavior
Both types of reinforcement aim to strengthen desired behaviors.
What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?
- Reinforcement: Increases behavior
- Punishment: Decreases behavior
Understanding this differentiation is crucial for behavior modification.
