1
Q
A ligand is a
A
Molecule that binds to a protein
2
Q
Disulfide Bond
A
Covalent bond between 2 cystines in a protein
3
Q
Peptide bond
A
Covalent bond linking the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of another amino acid
4
Q
Almost all cellular processes are carried out by
A
Proteins
5
Q
Defense, transport, and structure
A
Antibodies, sodium potassium pump, keratin
6
Q
Function of Ribsomes
A
Synthesizes proteins
7
Q
Alpha-Helix is an example of—— and is held together by——
A
Secondary, hydrogen bonds
8
Q
Proteins must be—-to work
A
Certain shape
9
Q
Central Carbon
A
Attaches amino, phosphate, and side chain groups
10
Q
If a molecule binds to a protein—
A
The shape of the protein changes
11
Q
If a protein unfolds due to change in pH
A
Denaturation
12
Q
Asn and Ser interaction
A
Hydrogen bond
13
Q
Lys and Asp interaction
A
Ionic bond
14
Q
Enzymes
A
Are extremely specific
15
Q
Allosteric inhibition
A
Inhibition by a binding event at a site different from the active site, inducing a shape change and reduces the enzyme’s affinity for its substrate
16
Q
Allosteric activator repeat sorry
A
Binds to locations away from the active site, inducing a conformational change that inc. affinity of enzyme’s active site for its substrate.
17
Q
Catabolic reaction
A
Releases energy, by breaking larger molecules down into smaller molecules
18
Q
Anabolic reaction
A
Requires energy, by building smaller molecules into larger molecules
19
Q
Cofactors
A
Inorganic ion such as a mineral required for optimal enzyme activity regulation
20
Q
Coenzymes
A
Small organic molecule, such as vitamins or its derivative, which is required to enhance an enzymes activity.
21
Q
Competitive inhibition
A
Inhibitor competes with the substrate molecule by binding to the active site (reversible)
22
Q
Denature
A
Loss of shape in a protein; can happen as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or chemical exposure
23
Q
Feedback inhibition
A
When an enzyme is inhibited by the end product of a pathway in which it is involved
24
Q
Primary level of stucture
A
Linear sequence of amino acids in a protein
25
Secondary level of structure
Regular structure the protein form by intracellular, hydrogen bonds between oxygen of of amino acid residues and attach to the nitrogenous of amino acids residues (alpha helix and beta sheets)
26
Tertiary level of structure
Protein 3d conformation includes 2nd structural elements; interact between amino acids and side chain
27
Quarternary
Association of multiple polypeptides subunits in a protein form
28
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions in the cell
29
Activation energy
Energy necessary for a reaction to occur
30
Excergonic
Chemical reaction that releases free energy
31
Endergonic
Reaction that requires an input of free energy
32
Enzyme
Biomolecule (usually a protein) that catalyzes (speeds up) chemical reactions
33
Substrate
Molecule on which an enzyme acts
34
Active site
Region of an enzyme where a substrate binds
35
Induced fit
Dynamic fit between the enzyme and its substrate, in which both slightly modify their shapes to allow for ideal binding
36
When an enzyme binds its substrate it
Forms an enzymes-substrate complex
37
Enzymes-substrate complex
Lowers the reactions activation energy and promotes its rapid progression in one of many ways, such as facilitating bond-breaking
38
After an enzyme catalyzes
Its products are released
39
Lipids
Macromolecule that is non-polar and hydrophobic
40
Hormone
A signaling molecule that regulates physiology, behavior, or development
41
Fat
Made from a glycerol and 3 fatty acids
42
Dehydration synthesis
Reaction that joins monomers by covalent bonds, releasing a molecule of water in the process
43
Triglyceride
Fat molecule; consists of 3 fatty acids and linked to glycerol molecule
44
Saturated fats
Long-chain hydrocarbon with a single covalent bond in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized
45
Unsaturated fats
Long-chain hydrocarbon that has one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain. ( liquid at room temp)
46
Trans fat
Fat formed artificially by hydrogenating oils leading to a different arrangement of double bonds than the naturally occurring lipids (semi-solid ex non oily peanut butter)
47
Phospholipid
Amphipathic molecule, hydrophobic and hydrophilic comprised of fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol back bone
48
Steroids
Lipid with 4 hydrocarbon fused rings, ex. Cholesterol
49
What in animal cells break down macromolecules and organelles
Lysosome
50
What animal cells contain what, that helps with containing membrane fluid?
Cholesterol
51
Receptors
Protein in or on target cell that binds to ligands, resulting in a response
52
Fluid mosaic model
Phospholipids, cholesterol, protein, and carbohydrates
53
Lysosome functions
Destroys pathogens and digests macromolecules and worn-out organelles
54
Golgi Apparatus
Eukaryotic organelle comprised of a series of stacked membranes that sorts and packages lipids and proteins for distribution
55
Smooth Er
Region of the er that has few or no ribosomes, synthesizes carbs, lipids and steroid hormones; detoxifies certain chemicals, and stores calcium ions
56
Rough er
Region if er that is studded with ribosomes and engages in protein modification and phospholipid synthesis
57
Carbohydrates attached to some proteins or lipids part of plasma membrane found
On cells exterior surface
58
Lumen
Er interior
59
Tagged modded in Golgi apparatus packaged into transport vesicles that bud from the Golgis
Transface
60
A protein secreted out of the cell will most likely be synthesized by a
Membrane-bound ribosome
61
Cis Face vs trans face
Cis Face is closer to er while trans face is closer to plasma membrane
62
Protein that has carbohydrates covalently bound to it
Glycoprotein
63
Endomembrane system
Group of organelles and membranes in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.
64
Carbs attached to lipids or proteins that are apart of the plasma membrane
Found on exterior
65
Protein that will be used within the cytoplasm will most likely be synthesized by
Free ribosome
66
Long-chain hydrocarbon with carboxyl group at one end
Fatty acid
67
Chaperonin
Protein that helps other proteins unfold
68
Secondary Active Transport
Uses kinetic energy for diffusion of ions, against concentration brings in other substances
69
Primary Active transport
Low concentration to an area of higher concentration. Moving material against a gradient that requires energy (atp) ex potassium pump
70
Membrane characteristic that allows some substances through, but not others
Semi-permeable
71
Passive transport
Requires no energy to transport material through a membrane
72
Simple diffusion
Diffusion without help the aid of a membrane protein
73
Extent of concentration gradient
The greater the difference in concentration, the more rapid the diffusion. (Goes down the slide)
74
Facilitated diffusion
Process by which material moves down a concentration gradient (high to low concentration) using integral membrane proteins
75
Membrane that allows for a substance to pass through through its hydrophilic core across the plasma membrane
Channel protein
76
Aquaporin
Channel protein that allows water through membrane at a very high rate
77
Carrier protein
Membrane protein that moves a substance across the plasma membrane by changing its own shape
78
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane, based on presence of solute.
79
In osmosis water always move from
An area of higher water concentration to one of lower concentration
80
Hypotonic
Extracellular fluid has a lower osmolarity (solute concentration) that the fluid inside the cell resulting in water moving into the cell. Cell swells and bursts
81
Hypertonic
Solution that has a higher solute concentration or osmolarity than cells cytoplasm; extracellular fluid contains lower concentration of water than cell does. Water leaves the cell, cell shrinks and becomes raisin like
82
Isotonic
Solution has the same osmolarity as the cells cytoplasm. Water moves into and out of the cell.
83
Active transport
Low to high concentration, against concentration gradient. Carrier proteins, pumps, endocytosis, and exocytosis
84
Endocytosis
Active transport that moves bulk particles into the cell
85
Exocytosis
Process of moving bulk particles out of the cell
86
Carrier proteins used in
Facilitated and active transport
87
Solute
Dissolved substance in water
88
Enzyme removes phosphate group from molecule such as protein
phosphatase
89
Signalling cells
Cell that releases signal molecules that allow communication with another cell
90
Target Cell
cell that has a receptor for a signal or ligand from a signaling cell
91
Intracellular receptors
Receptor protein that is located in the cytosol of a cell and binds to ligands that pass through the plasma membrane, hydrophobic
92
Cell-surface receptor
Cell-surface protein that transmits a signal from the exterior of the cell to the interior, even though the ligand doesn't enter the cell (has transmembrane domain)
93
Signal transduction transmitted through--
membrane and cytoplasm
94
Juxtacrine
Direct contact signalling
95
Endocrine
Long distance signalling through bloodstream
96
Paracrine
Close diffusion through extracellular matrix, quick & short
97
Autocrine
Target cell and signalling cell is the same
98
Ligand binds to cell-surface receptor
Activates receptor components, changes shape eliciting an internal cell response
99
Kinase
Used to transpher a phosphate group to a molecule (enzmye phosphorylates a molecule)
100
Neuronal
Transfering of signals between a neuron and it's target cells, type of paracrine signaling
101
Second messenger
Small molecules propagates signal after signalling molecule is bound by its receptor
102
Phosphatase
Removes phosphates group from molecule like protein (One of the most common modifcations that occurs in signaling pathway)
103
Responses to Signalling
Gene expressed, metabolism increase, cell growth, termination, and apoptosis
104
Propagation of signal through he cytoplasm and possibly nucleus of the cell is know as
Signal transduction
105
Amine
Organic compounds that contain carbon-nitrogen bonds
106
Which hormone are short chains of linked amino acids
Peptide hormones
107
What is likely to bind a steroid steroid hormone
Intracelluar receptor
108
Can external signal initiate apoptosis
Yes
109
Paracrine
Signals act locally by diffusing through the extracelluar matrix from the signaling cell to the target cell
110
Ions such as Ca^2+ can be signaling molecules
True
111
Cells replicate prior to--, to make 2 daughter cells
Cell division
112
Nucleotide
Monomers of nucleic acids, pentose sugar, phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base
113
RNA
Ribonucleic acid, nucleic acid that is involve in gene expression and regulation (includes second hydroxyl group)
114
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid, nucleic acid that stores genetic information in its sequence of nucleotides. Dbl stranded and twists to form a dbl helix
115
MRNA(Messenger RNA)
RNA that carries information from DNA to ribosomes to enable protein synthesis
116
Division may occur due to
Wound repair, reproduction, tissue regeneration, growth and development
117
Major v.s. Minor Groove
Specific, not specific
118
DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in the--direction
5' to 3'
119
Each turn of the dbl helix is -- base pairs
10
120
Bacterial v.s. Eukaryotic
Bacterial usually consist of a single circular chromosome, while eukaryotic genomes usually consists of multiple linear chromosomes.
121
5'
Single nucleotide of DNA, which carbon is attached to the phosphate group
122
1'
Single nucleotide of DNA, which carbon is attached to the nitrogenous base and attach to oxygen of the deoxyribose ring
123
Adenine pairs with---by--
Thymine, 2 hydrogen bonds
124
Cytosin pairs with---by--
Guanine, 3 hydrogen bonds
125
Single nucleotide of DNA, that attaches to oxygen of the deoxyribose ring
4' and 1'
126
Chromosomes
Made from many genes
127
Helicase
Unwinds the DNA at the replication fork, exposing the single strands
128
DNA ligase
Seals nicks between Okasaki fragments
129
Primase
Adds an RNA primer to the strand of DNA
130
Why do we have different traits compared to mouse or house plant?
We're expressing different genes
131
Zygote
Cell that results from the fertilization of an egg cell by a sperm cell
132
Lagging v.s. Leading strands
Lagging strand made from small pieces called Okasaki fragments (discontinous 5' to 3'), Leading strand new strand made continuously 3' to 5'
133
Base pair
Nitrogenous bases that are stacked in the interior, connected through hydrogen bonds to form dbl helix and are specific
134
Small to Large: gene, genome, chromosome, and base pair
base pair, gene, chromosome, genome
135
DNA double helix
Made from 2 strands that are antiparallel, meaning the run in 2 opposite directions
136
Phosphodiester Linkage
Covalent that holds togethers the polynucleotide chains with a phosphate group linking the nucleotides' pentose sugars
137
Genome
All of the genetic material of cell or organism
138
Chromosome
Molecule of DNA: also refers to the condensed version of chromatin that is found within cells undergoing cell division
139
Chromatin
Protein-Dna complex found in eukaryotic cells
140
When cell divides, each new molecule of DNA contains
One new strand and one old strand of DNA
141
Enzyme order during DNA replication
Helicase, primates DNA polymerase, ligase
142
DNA polymerase I, II, & III
I Fills in gaps, removes RNA primers, II DNA repair starts elongation, III Takes over replication, which it performs at a much higher speed is required for DNA synthesis.
143
Meselson-Stahl experiments showed that DNA replicates according to which model
Semi-conservative
Bio 1610
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