BIO 113 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(52 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Scientific Theory

A

Explanation of patterns in nature w/ overwhelming amount of evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Requirements of Natural Selection

A

variation, heritability, Differential survival + reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mutations

A

RANDOM mistakes in DNA which causes variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hypothesis must be…

A

falsifiable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

evidence AGAINST shared ancestry

A

diff coding systems/DNA
No nested hierarchy
Morphological tree different from genetic tree.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Coincidence predicts..

A

mutations happen
independently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Holdfast

A

(some aquatic bacteria)
- Allows for attachment to surfaces
like rock and plant matte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Capsule

A

(many bacteria)
- Sticky outermost layer allows
bacterial cells to stick to surfaces and each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fimbriae

A

(many bacteria, & bacteria living in the mouth)
- Hair-like protein structures that
attach bacterial cell to surface and each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Desmosomes

A

strong, protein based spot weld between adjacent cells
- strength of attachment (skin, muscle, cardiac)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tight junctions

A

watertight seal
between two adjacent animal
cells, proteins tightly hold the
cells against each other
- prevents leakage (skin, some internal organs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gap Junctions

A

protein channels allowing for the transport of ions/nutrients
- attachment + communication
- ions never leave that (cardiac) cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

extracellular matrix composed of…

A

Proteoglycans, Collagen-rope-like protein, Integrins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Proteoglycans

A

proteins with lots of carbs attached. Protects cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Collagen-rope-like protein

A

Strong fibrous network that provides structural
support between cells and resilience from compression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Integrins

A

Connects/anchors the inside of the cell to the ECM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

tiny channels
that connect the cell walls of
adjacent plant cells, allowing
direct cytoplasmic and membrane
continuity between them
- small materials pass through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

travel through
nerve cells in the nervous system (FAST response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hormone

A

travel in blood (SLOW response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

binding of signal and receptor can…

A

Regulate gene expression (DNA) directly to
cause a new protein to be made OR (in)activate a protein that already exists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

when receptor is embedded within membrane…

Study These Flashcards
A

signal
molecule never enters the cell so
Signal binding activates or
inactivate a protein that already
exists in the cell (signal transduction)

20
Q

when receptor is INSIDE cell…

Study These Flashcards
A

signal enters
the cell to bind to the receptor so receptor interacts with DNA directly to start protein synthesis.

21
Q

second messenger

Study These Flashcards
A

(in signaling transduction): small, non-protein molecule inside the cell that carries a signal from the cell’s surface to its interior, triggering a response
- act like a megaphone for the original signal: AMPLIFICATION

22
Q

Amplification ex

Study These Flashcards
A

phosphorylation cascade- when
one enzyme phosphorylates the next enzyme.

23
Nucleotides (DNA) composed of...
Phosphate group, nitrogenous base, deoxyribose sugar
24
Function of DNA sequence
dictates the order of amino acids for resulting protein - DNA gets transcribed into RNA which is then read by a ribosome
25
RNA
- sugar = ribose (OH group) - single stranded - C-G - U-A - more reactive than DNA
26
DNA
- Sugar = deoxyribose (H group) - double stranded - C-G - T-A
27
DNA replication
replication bubble forms & active DNA synthesis takes place in the Y-shaped replication fork
28
DNA helicase
breaks hydrogen bonds between nucleotides & opens double helix - allows for the 2 strands to separate at the replication fork
29
Topoisomerase
binds to the unwinded DNA strands to relieve the twisting forces
30
Single stranded binding proteins
attach to the separated strands to prevent them to snapping back into a double helix
31
Primase
lays down RNA primer/segment on both strands - provides the 3' OH group needed by DNA polymerase to start adding nucleotides
32
DNA polymerase A/E
synthesizes leading strand by attaching nucleotides to the 3' OH ends of primer + extending it
33
DNA polymerase delta
synthesizes lagging strand + replaces primers w deoxyribonucleotides
34
Endonuclease
removes RNA once DNA poly delta gets to the end of its new daughter strand and bumps against the older daughter strand, dislodging the old primer
35
Ligase
seals gaps between Okazaki fragments
36
Proofreading
repair system that fixes mistakes in DNA synthesis
37
DNA polymerase repair system
its active site identifies misalignment, pauses, and removes the mismatched nucleotide + replaces it w/ the correct one
38
Mismatch repair
fixes mistakes in DNA synthesis, not repaired by proofreading (detected immediately after DNA synthesis is finished.)
39
Nucleotide Excision Repair
- fixes DNA damaged by UV light
40
P53
- tumor suppressor gene - p53 protein detects DNA damage - triggers apoptosis if damage cannot be fixed
41
cyclins
- positive regulatory molecules that move cells from one phase to the next - bind cyclin dependent kinases that phosphorylate target proteins
42
cyclin D & E
Initiates S phase
43
Cyclin A
Initiates G2 phase
44
Cyclin B
Initiates mitosis - causes formation of MPF when [] is high enough
45
G1 Checkpoint
cell size, nutrients, growth factors, DNA damage from environmental factors
46
MPF
M phase promoting factors -phosphorylates proteins needed to start M phase
47
MAD
- "mitotic arrest deficit proteins" - negative regulatory proteins active at the M spindle checkpoint - inhibit APC/C (anaphase promoting complex) while waiting for chromosomes to attach correctly - initiates apoptosis if incorrect chromosome attachment is prolonged
48
APC/C
- anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome - adds ubiquitin to targets that get destroyed
49
Separase
- inactive when bound to securin - when active, it chops us cohesion that connects sister chromatids and allows them to separate to complete mitosis
50
p53
tumor suppressor gene - codes for p53 protein that detects DNA damage - binds DNA --> Cdk inhibitor proteins produced --> CKI binds ti cdk complex which pauses cell cycle and gives cell time to repair damage --> activates nucleotide excision repair
BIO 113
flashcards
Decks in class (3)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions