PSYC 342 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Mounting, intromission and ejaculation are all part of which phase of sexual behavior?

A
  • consummatory
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2
Q

How can you measure/observe changes in male appetitive levels?

A
  • amount of work or pain to get to female
  • mount latency
  • chasing
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3
Q

What demonstrates that testicular hormones have different effect strenghts on the different sexual behaviors?

A

Castrated males first stop ejaculating, then stop intromission, then stop mounting, then stop chasing

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4
Q

A rat given a receptive female one week post-castration will

A
  • show a DA increase during precopulatory and copulatory phase
  • copulate

Demonstrates dependence of DA response on RECENT T, concurrence presence NOT necessary

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5
Q

A rat given a receptive female two weeks post-castration will

A
  • NOT show DA increase
  • NOT copulate
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6
Q

A castrated rat, given 5 days of T treatment, will

A
  • show sex beh to same level as reg males
  • same DAergic response to sex stimuli in mPOA

T treatment mirros pattern of sex beh loss after castration

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7
Q

D1 receptor is responsible for

A

erections in rats
- harder to access by dop so needs a build-up of dop to activate

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8
Q

spill-over effect of dop

A

D1R cause erection and behs that continue build-up of dop in mPOA until eventually dop can reach D2R and cause ejaculation and stop sex beh

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9
Q

what is the very first chemical that starts male sex beh?

A

female chemical messengers that inform about willingness to mate

ectocrine communication

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10
Q

Olfactory pathway for sexual beh

A

VNO (vomeronasal organ) –> accessory OB –> vomeronasal amygdala –> mPOA

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11
Q

What happens if you cut out the VNO of a male rate?

A
  • can smell but smells won’t have any sexual meaning because won’t activate mPOA through vomeronasal amydgala –> no mating
  • no dop release in mPOA
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12
Q

What does the nPGi, serotonin and the mPOA have to do with penile erections?

A

the nPGi in the medulla sends serotonin to lumbar spinal cord inhibiting erection, mPOA inhibits the nPGi

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13
Q

Why does the mPOA inhibit the nPGi during sexual intercourse in rats?

A

nPGi sends serotonin down lubar spinal cord which inhibits erection

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14
Q

role of serotonin in male sexual beh?

A
  • tends to inhibit sex beh –> shoots up after ejac
  • inhibits erection
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15
Q

follicular development begins in

A

diestrus, first 48 hours of estrous cycle

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16
Q

vaginal proestrus is the period of time when

A
  • females will let mating occur, seek out males (behavioral estrus)
  • maximal follicular development
  • culminates with release of egg/follicle
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17
Q

During vaginal estrus, E and P

A
  • decrease E rapidly, P more slowly
  • hormonal stage following ovulation
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18
Q

What brain area is responsible for keeping track of when to start estrous cycle?

A
  • SCN –> making sure vaginal proestrus which lasts about 12 h doesn’t happen at night
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19
Q

Diestrus is when

A
  • oocytes mature, oocyte + surrounding cells = follicle
  • follicular cells continue developing and start producing estrogen –> produces P receptors
  • P spike starts vaginal proestrus phase
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20
Q

Why is sexual behavior observed in rats right after egg release (i.e. during vaginal estrus)?

A
  • progesterone takes a little to decrease
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21
Q

Hormonal differences b/w human menstrual cycles and rat estrous cycles

A

Humans
- E peaks during follicular phase leading to ovulation, E rapidly decreases after ovulation
- after ovulation: lutheal phase where corpus luteum makes P –> E has slight peak concurrent with P peak

Rats
- during diestrus: E slight peak, increasing production of P receptors, P slight peak afterwards
- during proestrus: huge E peak, massively increasing P receptor production, folllowed by huge P peak
- vaginal estrus: E rapidly decreases, P more slowly

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22
Q

Role of estradiol in initiation of lordosis

A
  • increases sensitivity of flank receptive fields through spinal motor neuron innervation
  • flanks very powerful to induce lordosis
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23
Q

What type of stimulations maintain lordosis posture?

A
  • VCS and CLS
  • vaginal and clitoral stimulation
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24
Q

true or false: flank stimulation is rewarding for fem rats

Study These Flashcards
A

false, vaginal and clitoral stims are

25
Efferent pathway necessary to display lordosis
Sensory input is integrated in mPOA, VMH and MAH --> signals sent to midbrain central gray and reticular form --> sent to med reticular form --> activates spinal motor neurons --> back muscles activated
26
Afferent pathway necessary for lordosis
flank stimulation --> spinal cord --> med ret form --> midbrain central gray and reticular formation --> VMH and mPOA
27
trigger hypo states that
one brief pulse of estrogen sets off a chain of events that finishes with display of lordosis - but technique used not ideal because slow E clearance = E levels stayed fairly high for longer than initially thought
28
Maintenance hypo states that
estrogen must be present continuously throughout entire sex bout for lordosis to be displayed at the end - but 2 discrete pulses of E could facilitate P-evoked lordosis
29
Cascade hypo states that
early E pulses at discrete and specific times prime VMH neurons for eventual E- or P- dependent lordosis to occur - early E initiates creation of P receptors
30
what might be expected of a fem rat given proper stimulation if she was given E 48 hours ago and P 6 hours ago?
- lordosis due to E priming increasing P receptor #
31
How much latency will be seen b/w a mount and next fem initiation?
short latency --> she goes back to male quickly after a mount
32
How much latency will be seen b/w intromission and next fem initiation?
slighly longer latency than with a mount
33
A male rat that takes very few intromission to ejaculate will be ____ successful at impregnating a female rat
less, because she won't get optimal stimulation pattern for producing offspring which involves pacing
34
What might be expected when an OVX rhesus monkey is given estradiol treatment during nonbreeding season (i.e. males are not initiating sex)
- increased fem initiation - demonstrates effect of E on sex initiation/proceptivity
35
In females, proceptivity seems to be mediated by ____
estrogen, increased initiation in OVX fem monkeys during non-breeding season
36
female mPOA neuron types and their roles
type 1: motivational state type 2 & 3: somatosensory info integration type 4: may be involved in inhibition of lordosis
37
given amphetamine, female rats display...
- disrupted pacing behavior: spending more time away from male - presumably because increasing dop --> increasing sensitivity to male stim --> less rewarding
38
In "normal" hormonal conditions (i.e. EB + P), D1R stimulation ______ ___________ behavior, until spill-over to D2R which ______ this behavior to prepare _________ .
increases, solicitational (proceptive), stops, lordosis
39
what do male chemosensory signals induce in females?
- surge in lutezining hormone (LH) sitmulating growth of follicles
40
overall, male sexual beh in non-human primates and humans is mediated by
- more widely distributed neural networks. mPOA isn't sole mediator
41
What hormone seems to be related to human female sexuality?
testosterone BUT high variability and context-dependency
42
In rhesus monkey study, sexual intercourse was mostly initiated by
females, 80%
43
does the vomeronasal organ exist in humans?
yes
44
Effect of blocking VNO in humans?
no effect on pheromone detection
45
PRKO female mice, when given estradiol + progesterone, displayed lordosis normally. true or false.
false, did not display lordosis --> P necessary for lordosis
46
whitten effect
anestrus female rats start ovulating in synchrony in after male urine or male is presented
47
lee-boot effect
estrous cycles stop in groups of female living together
48
vandenbergh effect
acceleration of onset of puberty when presented with male
49
Pregnancy hormonal profile
P shoots up at beginning of pregnancy thanks to corpus luteam E slowly increases Prolactin massively increases at end of pregnancy while P decreases
50
human offsprings are ________
semiprecocial
51
females of _________ species must engage in three behaviors for pups to survive. What are they?
eutherian, subclass of mammals that have a placenta - pup licking - nursing posture - pup retrieval
52
direct and indirect impact of ovarian hormones on maternal aggression
direct: ovarian hormones directly promote mat agg indirect: ovarian H promote development of nipples --> suckling by young maintains mat agg even in absence of hormones
53
ovarian hormones directly promote maternal aggression. in absence of ovarian hormones, maternal aggression still happens, why is that?
ovarian hormones promoted nipple development, suckling maintains maternal aggression
54
role of mPOA in mat care in relation to AH-PAG axis
- AH-PAG is flight response to smell, survival pathway - mPOA inhibits this area
55
Estrogen in mat beh ________ pup-stimulated neural activity in mPOA
enhances
56
Purpose of late surge of E in pregnancy
- preparing neural circuitry for maternal beh - e.g. increasing oxytocin and prolactin receptors
57
Progesterone serves a ____ function in rat pregnancies. How does that work?
- initially acts w E to facilitate mat beh - later in pregnancy inhibits mat beh until the right moment - also inhibits uterus contraction during pregnancy
58
what hormone causes rat uterine and vaginal contractions during birth, also helping in milk letdown?
oxytocin
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