PSYCH 212 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

fertilization

A

union of sperm and ovum to produce zygote

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2
Q

where does sex determination come from?

A

the father
-passed on x=female
-passed on y= male

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3
Q

dominant trait

A

-genetic characteristic appears in offspring if at least one parent has the dominant allele

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4
Q

genotype

A

the actual genetic makeup
-allele combinations
-the recipe

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5
Q

recessive trait

A

-genetic trait only appears in offspring if both parents have the recessive allele

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6
Q

phenotype

A

the observable form of the gene
-the product

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7
Q

extended phenotype

A

genes influence both our genetic makeup and our behavior, and we choose to change our looks in certain ways through behavior

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8
Q

extended phenotype examples

A

-exercise changes on body type
-dyed hair, makeup
-how you pick your friends

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9
Q

heredity

A

if the trait has the ability to be inherited and has variation in the population

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10
Q

adoption studies

A

look at similarity between unrelated individuals in the same home to determine the heritability of traits

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11
Q

when are adopted kids more like their bio parents and siblings?

A

genetic influences, including mental or physical conditions

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12
Q

when are adopted kids more like their adopted parents

A

environmental influences like religion, language, and diet preferences

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13
Q

monozygotic twins (MZ)

A

-1 egg, 1 sperm
-clones
-always same sex

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14
Q

value of MZ twins in studies

A

-eliminates cohort effect
-any difference in them is environmental

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15
Q

Dizygotic twins (DZ)

A

-2 eggs, 2 sperm
-share 50% if genes like normal sibs
-more common

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16
Q

value of DZ twins to study

A

-eliminates cohort effect
-gene variation is still present

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17
Q

gene x environment correlations

A

demonstrate that genes and environment often reinforce each other

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18
Q

passive gene x environment correlation

A

-baby has no say
-parent influences the gene
-we share genes with bio parents who also share a physical environment

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19
Q

passive GxE examples

A

-music-loving parents pass their genes on to their child, and also create a music-enforcing environment where the child has lots of access to instruments

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20
Q

passive GxE most common in..

A

early life or authoritarian environments

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21
Q

reactive/evocative GxE correlation

A

-predispositions create a reactive environmental situation
-kid brings likes and dislikes

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22
Q

negative feedback reactive GxE correlation

A

-the environment minimizes the influence of the gene

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23
Q

negative feedback reactive GxE example

A

shy child is encouraged to socialize, and becomes outgoing

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24
Q

positive feedback reactive GxE correlation

A

-the environment reinforces the effect of the predisposition

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25
positive feedback reactive GxE correlation example
athletic kid goes to a sporty summer camp and becomes even more active
26
active correlations
as we get older, we seek our own environments -niche picking
26
reactive GxE correlations most common in..
middle childhood (3-10 years) -no longer passive blobs
27
niche picking
individual finds groups of people with similar interests -clubs, cliques, organizations
28
when is niche picking most prevalent
adolescence
29
non-shared environment (NE)
unique environment where each child grows up in
30
NE examples
accidents, illness
31
HCG (human chorionic gonadotrope)
-secreted by placenta shortly after fertilization -what pregnancy tests measure
32
embryonic stage
-2-8 weeks -organs and body systems develop rapidly -cartilage -miscarriage and spontaneous abortion common here
33
fetal stage
-8-40 weeks -bone development -myelination -finishing touches like fingernails and eyelids
34
common fetal behavior
-yawn -swallow -turn head -squint -make fist -sleep -lick uterine wall -move around with umbilical cord
35
ultrasounds
mostly concerned with organ development -use marine technology
36
2D ultrasounds
-sound waves bounce off organs and fluids -echoes converted to images -doppler addition can add heartbeat
37
fetal heartbeat
"hummingbird heartbeat" -very rapid
38
3D ultrasounds
-multiple 2D images at different angles create a 3D image -used to examine suspected anomalies
39
4D ultrasounds
-3D but with movement -shows reflexes and movement of fetus
40
how much of the day do fetuses spend drowsing?
-90-95% -similar to daydreaming
41
fetal alertness
-deep sleep associated with body repair -REM sleep associated with learning/memory
42
unconsolidated sleep
-frequent interruptions -normal for newborns and babies
43
consolidated sleep
-big chunks -normal for adults -babies start at 1 year
44
SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
-consolidated sleep from 1-3 months puts baby at risk of passing away in sleep -brain has to figure out how to rest without shutting down
45
back to sleep meaning for newborns
-babies should be woken up/put back to sleep every 2 hours -babies sleep on back
46
fetal movement
-move about 50x an hour -flexing, extending, sucking thumb, touching face, being like an ape
47
kangaroo care for preemies
-create womb-like environment -allow baby to curl up -add moms heartbeat and smells -skin-to-skin contact -movement!
48
High-amplitude suck (HAS)
babies preference on tastes indicated by the strength/length of their sucking -amniotic fluid carries tastes that translate into eventual flavor pallete -homophillic, discriminative
49
baby sound preference
-baby prefers mom's voice, native language, similar stories to ones they have heard
50
xenophobe
babies fear the new/unknown/strange
51
how does talking to fetus in-utero affect adults?
they feel more comfy being around the newborn
52
mozart effect
false claim that kids or sounds can increase the abilities of the fetus -have led to ear damage
53
germinal stage
-0-2 weeks -blastocyst forms as cells rapidly divide -implants on uterine wall
54
tactile stimulation
-relating to touch -skin-to-skin contact, rubbing, massages
55
genetic counseling
-helps parents understand the risk of passing genetic conditions or birth defects onto child
56
klinefelter syndrome
-extra X chromosome(s) for males -weaker muscles/control, taller height, feminized appearance, infertility in adulthood, language impairment
57
turner syndrome
-missing/damaged X chromosome in females from father's sperm -short stature, lack of ovarian development, impaired sexual development, learning difficulties, organ complications
58
AIS/androgen insensitivity
-chromosomal males -damage on mom's x chromosome -androgen does not respond to testosterone -neither male nor female internal systems form -most just think they're female and do not realize until they have no period
59
CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia)
-affects both sexes -excess of androgen released -males usually just enter puberty earlier and have more testosterone -females may have masculinized genitalia
60
teratogens
agents that cause birth defects -drugs, alcohol, environmental toxins
61
stage 1 of vaginal childbirth
starts with regular contractions and ends when the cervix is dilated to 10 cm
62
stage 2 of vaginal childbirth
-pushing and delivery phase -20 mins to several hours
63
stage 3 of vaginal childbirth
-delivery of placenta -5 to 30 mins
64
lamaze childbirth method
research-based and educational approach to pregnancy involving breathing techniques and concentration
65
pudendal block
regional anesthetic injected by the pudendal nerve in the pelvis to provide pain relief
66
analgesic delivery and medicated delivery difference
-analgesics reduce pain without eliminating sensation or movement -medicated (epidural) removes sensation
67
fontanels
plates of the skull that eventually fuse together
68
lanugo
fuzzy prenatal hair that provides protection from the amniotic fluid pH
69
vernix
creamy coating oozed from the skin for protection
70
meconium
-stringy greenish black waste that babies secrete in their first days/weeks -placeholder in the itestines -meconium aspiration can occur - very bad
71
preemie/preterm baby
born before 37 weeks
72
who is most likely to have a low weight baby?
-preemies, multiples, smokers, age concerns of mother
73
newborn brains
74
synaptogenesis
-formation of functional synapses/connections between neurons -enables neuroplasticity and learning
75
myelination
-the formation of a fatty layer called myelin around the neural axons to increase speed and efficiency -starts in fetal stage
76
medicated delivery
-epidural numbs the mother below the waist while she remains awake -catheter inserted in lower back to target nerves -very safe for baby
77
analgesic delivery
-IV opioids or nitrous oxide provide milder and temporary pain relief that affects the whole body and is easier to administer -potential side effects for baby
78
bloody show
-common in stage 1 of vaginal delivery -mucus plug expels and bloody discharge comes out
79
water break
-common in stage 1 -amniotic sac ruptures
80
cesarean delivery
-bikini cut to open through ab muscles and remove baby from uterus -long recovery -about 30% of time, but should be less than 15%
81
when is c-section recommended?
slow birth, large babies, geriatric or risky pregnancies, breech, head-first, or shoulder first baby
82
doula
provides emotional support before and during pregnancy
83
midwife
provide medical support to mother and baby throughout pregnancy/birth/post partum
84
newborn/neonatal period
-birth to 4 weeks -head is 1/4 the body
85
newborn breathing
-loud cry is good because baby clears things out -important that they do not suffer from anoxia because it causes permanent brain damage
86
jaundice
-caused by immature liver -50% of newborns have it -yellow tint to skin and eyes -preemies at risk
87
APGAR
-score given at 1, 5, 10 mins -score of 7+ is good/normal -health focused
88
jaundice treatment
phototherapy: baby placed on warmer beneath lights -babies can also be placed by window 2x a day
89
NBAS
-given up to 2mo of age -gets full portrait of neuro, social, and behavioral factors
90
2 assumptions of NBAS
-infants are capable and have been learning -babies communicate thru their behavior
91
harlow monkeys and the nature of love
-babies always preferred the soft mom -babies ran to Terry cloth surrogate in scary situation -curled up in a ball if she wasn't there -more likely to explore when present
92
rejecting mothers
even when the surrogate mothers abused the monkeys, they would return and cling harder -law of effect doesn't apply to love
93
implications of harlow's work
-parenting is more than food and necessities -anyone can be a parent as long as they provide love and support -validated adoption -ethical treatment of animals and in orphanages
94
allele
-one of 2+ forms of a gene that result from a mutation -variant of gene -one from each parent on a chromosome
95
concordant
similarities on a given trait
96
indications of fetal REM sleep
-rapid eye movements, irregular breathing, twitches and jerks -detected via ultrasound
PSYCH 212
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