1
Q
Cell Division
A
One cell splitting into two new cells
2
Q
Prokaryote
A
Simple cell with no nucleus
3
Q
Eukaryote
A
Complex cell with a nucleus
4
Q
Asexual Reproduction
A
One parent cells makes idedntical offspring
5
Q
Sexual Reproduction
A
Two parent cells make genetically unique offspring
6
Q
Binary Fission
A
Prokaryotic cell division
7
Q
Mitosis
A
Eukaryotic cell dicision that makes identical cells
8
Q
Meoisis
A
Cell division that makes gametes
9
Q
Fertilization
A
Fusion of egg + sperm to form a zygote
10
Q
Gametes
A
Sex cells (egg/sperm)
11
Q
Haploid
A
One set of chromosomes
12
Q
Diploid
A
2 sets of chromosmes
13
Q
Zygote
A
Fertilized egg (first diploid cell)
14
Q
Interphase
A
Cell grows, copies DNA, prepares to divide
15
Q
G1 phase
A
Cell grows and functions normally
16
Q
G0 phase
A
resting phase; not diviidn
17
Q
S phase
A
DNA replicates
18
Q
M Phase
A
Mitosis + cytokinesis
18
Q
G2 Phase
A
Cell checks DNA and prepares for Mitosis
19
Q
Prophase
A
Chromosomes condense; spindle forms
20
Q
Prometaphase
A
Nuclear envelope breaks, spindle attaches
21
Q
Metaphase
A
Chromsomes line up in the middle
22
Q
Anaphase
A
Sister chromatids seperate
23
Q
Telophase
A
New nuclei form; chromosomes decondense
24
Cytokinesis
Cell splits into two
25
Chromatin
Loose DNA
26
Chrosome
Condensed DNA
27
Sister Chromatids
Identical DNA copies attached at centromere
28
Kinetochore
Protein where spindle attaches
29
Spindle
Microtubule structure that moves chromsomes
30
Equatorial Plate
Middle of the cell wher4e chromosmes line up
31
Contractle Ring
Actin ring that pinches animal cells
32
Cell Plate
New wall forming between plant cells
33
Homologous Chromsomes
Matchign chromosome pair
34
Replicated Chromosome
Chromsome with 2 sister chromatids
35
Tetrad
Pair of homologous chromosomes
36
Crossing Over
Homologs exchange DNA
37
Chiasmata
Physical point where crossing over occurs
38
Genetic Recombination
New DNA combinations created by crossign over
39
Aneuploidy
Wrong number of chromosomes
40
Nondisjunction
Chromosomes fail to seperate
41
Monosomic
Missing one chromosome
42
Trisomic
Extra chromosome
43
Trisomy 21
Dow syndrome
44
Karyotype
Pictur4e of chromosomes
45
Polyploidy
Extra sets of chromosomes
46
Polyspermy
Egg fertilizedby multiple sperm
47
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
Control points that check DNA
48
Cyclin-dependent Kinases (CDKs)
Enzymes that push cell cycle forwqard
49
Cyclin
Protein that activates CDks
50
Checkpoint Proteins
Proteins that stop cell cycle is something is wrong
51
RB Protein
Blocks cell cycle until phsophorylated
52
Necrosis
Accidental cell death
53
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
54
Hayflick Limit
Max numver of times a cell can divide
55
Stem Cells
Cells that can ve many types
56
Inheritanc
Passing traits from par4ents to offspring
57
Cancer Cells
Cells that divide uncontrollably
58
Bleding Inhertiance
Old idea thar traits mix (incorrecr)
59
Particulate Inheritanceq
Traits are passed as discrete units
60
Gene
DNA sequence that codes for a trait
61
Locus
Location of geen on a chromosme
62
Allele
Version of a gene
63
genotype
Alleles an organism has (AA, aa)
64
Phenotype
Physical trait
65
Dominant Allele
Expressed with one copy
66
67
recessive Allele
Expressed with only two copies
68
Homozygous
Two same alles AA or aa
69
heteroygous
Two different alles Aa
70
True-breeding
Always produce the same trait
71
Monohybrid
Heterozygous for one gene
72
F2 generation
Offspring to F1
72
P generation
Parents
73
F1 Generation
First offspring
74
Punnet Square
Tool to predict offspring
75
Gentypic Ratio
Ratio of genotypes (1:2:1)
76
Phenotypic Ratio
Ratio of traits (3:1)
77
Test Cross
Cross with homozygous recessive to find uniknown genottype
78
Law of Segregation
Alleles sperwate into diff4erent gametes
79
Probability
Chance of an event
80
Multiplication Rule
"AND" event multiple
81
Addition Rule
"OR" events add
82
Independent Events
One event doesnt affact another
83
Mutually exclusive
Cannot happen at the smae time
84
Duhybrid Cross
Cross involving two genes
85
Law of Independent Assortment
Alleles of different genes seperate independently
86
Pedigree
Famil tree of traits
87
Rare dominant allele
Appears every generati0om
88
Rare recessive allele
Skips generations
89
Chromosoml Theory of Inheritance
genes are on chromosomes
90
Sex Linkage
Gene on X or Y chromsome
91
X-linked
gene on X chromosome
92
Hemizygous
Males only have one X allele
92
Y-linked
gene on Y chromsome
93
Wild Type
Most common phenotype
94
Parental Phenotype
Looks like parents
95
Recombinant Phenotype
New combination from crossing over
96
Gene Linkage
genes close together inherited together
97
Gene Mapping
Using recombination % to map distance
98
cM (centiMorgan)
1% recombination frequency
99
Nucleotide
Builkding Bloick of DNA
100
Deoxyribose
DNA sugar
101
Phosphate group
Part of nucleotide backbone
102
Nitrogenous Bases
A, T, C, G
103
Pyrimidines
C & T
104
Purines
A & G
105
Antiparralel
Strands run opposite directi9ons
106
Complementary base pairing
A-T, C-G
107
Semiconservative replication
Each new DNA has one old + one new strand
108
Replication Fork
Y-shaped area where DNA is copied
109
Helicase
Unzips DNA
110
Topoisomerase
Relives Tension
111
Primase
Makes RNA primers
112
DNA polymerase
Builds new DNA
113
Leadign Strand
COntinuous synthesis
114
Lagging Strand
Made in fragments
115
Okazaki Fragmnes
Pieces of lagging strand
116
DNA Ligase
Seals Fragments
117
Telomeres
Protective Chromsome ends
118
Telomerase
Extends Telomeres
119
Muattion
Changes in DNA sequencse
120
Somatic Mutation
In body cells
121
germline mutation
In gametes
122
Point mutation
One base change
123
Silent mutation
No amino acid change
124
Missense muation
CHnages amino acid
125
Nonsense Mutation
Creates stop codon
126
Frameshift Muattion
Insert/delete shifts reading frame
127
Mutagen
Someth8ing that causes mutations
128
Excision repair
Removes damaged bases
129
Direct Repair
Fixes damaged bases
130
Chromosomal rearrangements
Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation
131
mRNA
Carries genetic message
132
Transcription
Making RNA from DNA
133
tRNA
Brings amino acids
134
rRNA
part of ribosome
135
promoter
DNA region where transcrioption starts
136
Transcription factorsw
Proteins that control trancription
137
Exons
Coding regions
138
Introns
Non-coding regions removed
139
Spliecesome
Removes introns
140
5' cap
Protects mRNA
141
Poly-A tail
helps stability and export
142
Codon
3-base mRNA sequencse for an amino acid
143
Start Codon
AUG
144
Stop codon
UAA, UAG, UGA
145
Anticodon
tRNA 3-base match to codon
146
Ribosome
Site of protein syntheisis
147
A Site
tRNA entry
148
P-site
Growing polypeptide
149
E-site
Exit Site
150
Polyribosome
Many robsome on one mRNA
151
Post-translational modifications
Phosphorylation, glycolysati9on, proteolusios
152
Operon
Cluster of genes under one promoter
153
Promoter
RNA polymerase binding site
154
Operator
Repressor binding site
155
Repressor
Blocks transcription
156
Activator
Increases transcription
157
Inducible Gene
Off untul needed
158
Repressibel gene
On until tuned off
159
Allolactose
Inducer for lac operon
160
Co-repressor
Molecule that activates repressor
161
TATA box
Promoyter sequnce
162
General transcription Factors
Needed for all genes
163
Specific Transcription Factors
Regulate certain genes
164
Enhancer
Increases transcription
165
Silencer
decreases transcription
166
Epigenetics
Heritabole changes without DNA sequence change
167
Nucleosome
DNA wrapped arounf histones
168
Acetylation
Loosens DNA --> more transcription
169
Methylation
Silebnces DNA
170
Euchomatin
Loose, acvtibe DNA
171
heterochromatin
Tight, inactive DNA
172
Barr Body
Inactivated X chromsome
173
Alternative SPlicing
One gene- multiple proteins
174
miRNA
Blocks translation
175
Ubiquitan
Tags proteins for destruction `
176
BSC2010
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