BIO 151 prof. Kraai > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a valence shell?

A

outermost shell containing electrons around an atoms nucleus

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2
Q

What determines whether an atom will react?

A

the valence shell of an atom will not have its maximum capacity of electrons

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3
Q

What number of electrons can each atomic shell hold?

A

the first shell around the atom’s nucleus can only hold two (2) electrons

the second shell can hold up to eight (8) electrons

the third shell can hold up to eighteen (18) electrons

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4
Q

Identify & describe the four major types of molecular bonds

A

• Ionic: gain or loss of electrons, attract opposite charge
anion ( – ) & cation ( + )

  • Polar covalent: share electrons unequally, e.g. H2O; one pole is more positive and the other is more negative
  • Non-polar covalent: share electrons equally, e.g. H2, uncharged, and stronger than polar covalent
  • Hydrogen: positive end of a molecule attracted to the negative end of another, weak but essential (binds nucleotides)
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5
Q

What is high cohesiveness?

A

highly attracted to itself; sticking to itself

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6
Q

What is high adhesiveness?

A

highly attracted to object surfaces

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7
Q

What is a neutral pH? What is basic & acidity?

A

Neutral pH = 7, it is the median measurement of all possible hydrogen concentration on a scale of 0 -to- 14

Basic pH = > 7, it is the higher spectrum of hydrogen concentration

Acidic pH = < 7, it is the lower spectrum of hydrogen concentration

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8
Q

Name the primary inorganic fluid solvent, the gas, and solid solutes in living things

A
  • Water (H2O)
  • Oxygen (O2) & Carbon dioxide (CO2)
  • Sodium (Na) & Chloride (Cl)
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9
Q

What are the Four Major Organic Compound (FMOC) families and what are they composed of?

A
  • Carbs (C•H•O)
  • Lipids (C•H•O)
  • Proteins (C•H•O•N)
  • Nucleic Acids (C•H•O•N•P)
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10
Q

Identify & describe the four (4) levels of protein organization and when the protein becomes functional

A
  • Primary 1°: linear sequence of animo acids that make up one protein
  • Secondary 2°: helix type shape of a single protein caused by hydrogen bonds
  • Tertiary 3°: 3D structure of one protein due to several disulfide bridges (functional at this point onward)
  • Quaternary 4°: aggregations of two or more proteins held by h-bonds
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11
Q

What are three (3) factors that can alter tertiary structure of a protein? What is a non-functional protein called?

A
  • pH level
  • Temperature
  • Mutation

Non-functional proteins are called denatured

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12
Q

Explain the uniqueness of lipids in contrast to the Four Major Organic Compound (FMOC) families.

A
  • non-polar
  • insoluable
  • polar head & non-polar tail
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13
Q

How are lipids broken down and manufactured?

A

Broken down = hydrolysis

Manufactured = dehydration synthesis

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14
Q

What are buffers?

A

Buffers reduce significant change of pH levels by absorbing or releasing H+

e.g. hemoglobin & proteins

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15
Q

What’s more basic? pH 4 or pH 2?

A

pH 4 is more basic

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16
Q

How many times more acidic/basic is pH 4 to pH 9?

A

9 - 4 = 5
10^5
10 • 10 • 10 • 10 • 10 = 100,000 times more acidic

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17
Q

How many moles per liter does a solution have if it has a pH of 5?

A

10^-5

.00001 moles per liter

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18
Q

Name two organelles found in plants (but not animals) and their function

A
  • Vacuole: H2O filled compartments to maintain rigidity and homeostasis
  • Cell wall: pressure vessel preventing over-expansion from H2O intake
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19
Q

Name two organelles found in animals (but not plants) and their function

A
  • Centriole: help form spindle fibers that separate chromosomes in cell division
  • Peroxisome: harbor enzymes that rid the cell of toxic peroxides
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20
Q

What is the normal NaCl concentration in a living cell? Does it change? Why?

A
  • 0.9% NaCl

* It changes because equilibrium is never perfect within a living cell

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21
Q

What would happen to a human red blood cell if it were placed in a beaker of 5.0% NaCl concentration? Describe the osmotic and diffusional forces.

A
  • The cell would shrink
  • H2O would move out of the cell from the higher concentration, to lower concentration passively
  • NaCl would move into the cell from the higher concentration to lower concentration passively
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22
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates?

A

M = monosaccharides

P = polysaccharides

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23
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of lipids?

A

None

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24
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of proteins?

A

M = animo acids

P = polypeptide

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25
What are the monomers and polymers of nucleic acids?
M = nucleotides P = DNA & RNA
26
What's the difference between active and passive transport?
* Active = requires ATP, net movement of molecules is low to high concentration * Passive = no ATP, net movement of molecules is high to low concentration
27
What's the purpose of vascular tissue?
provides transport of H2O, nutrients, etc.
28
Name two (2) vascular tissues in animals
* veins = transports deoxygenated blood | * arteries = transports oxygenated blood
29
Name two (2) vascular tissues in plants
* xylem = transports H2O | * phloem = transports sugars
30
What's the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic?
* hydrophilic = water loving | * hydrophobic = water fearing
31
What's the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
* dehydration synthesis = two monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose, can be joined together be removing H2O * hydrolysis = the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water
32
What's the difference between a hypotonic and hypertonic solution?
* hypotonic solutions have more water (or solvent) to solute (like salt) in contrast to another solution * hypertonic solutions have more solute (salt) than water (solvent)
33
What's the difference between a monomer and a polymer?
* monomer = small molecule that can chemically bind to other monomers * polymer = chain-like molecules formed from the linking together of many similar or identical small molecules (monomers)
34
What does differentially permeable mean?
Interchangeable with semi-permeable, only some molecules can permeate (pass through) depending on their size. The cellophane tubing used in a lab is an example of this.
35
Integral protein
A protein that is located within the plasma membrane of a cell. It is integrated. Integral proteins often aid in active and passive transport. e.g. aquaporins
36
What's the difference between osmosis and diffusion?
* diffusion = the net movement of molecules across a membrane * osmosis = the net movement of H2O molecules across a membrane
37
What's the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?
* endergonic = the storage of energy. ender means enter/within. Gonic means pertaining to energy. e.g. dehydration synthesis * exergonic = the use of expenditure of energy. e.g. hydrolysis
38
What is ATP?
Adenosine Tri-Phosphate * the molecule cells use to perform work * recycled from ADP (Adenosine Di-Phosphate) * donates its electron so cells can manufacture, transport, divide, move, and any other functions of metabolism
39
What is the function of mitochondria?
It converts ADP to ATP (energy) and is found in plant, animal, and fungi cells
40
What is the function of a nucleolus?
It makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and is found in plants and animals
41
What is the function of a nucleus?
It contains most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes.
42
What is the function of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and how can you tell the two apart?
* Rough ER synthesizes proteins and is coated in ribosomes | * Smooth ER synthesizes lipids
43
What does Benedict's reagent detect?
Glucose, sugars. Must be heated up. Green, yellow, brick, black
44
What does Iodine detect? How?
Starch, iodine slips into the amylose coil of starch and produces a color change phenomenon (blue, black)
45
What does Biuret detect?
detects peptide bonds, a copper ion forms violet-colored coordination complexes
46
What determines if something is organic?
If it has carbon, it's organic
47
What is the functional group of lipids?
Methyls
48
What is the function group of proteins?
Amines Carboxyls
49
What is the function of chloroplasts? Formula.
conversion of light into chemical energy of sugars CO2+H2O--Photosynth.-->O2+C6H12O6
50
What is the function of mitochondria? Formula.
conversion of chemical energy of food to chemical energy of ATP O2+C6H12O6--Cell.Resp.-->CO2+H2O
51
What is the function of a cell wall?
cell shape, support, protection, binding
52
What is the function of a cell junction?
communication between cells and binding
53
What is the function of the cell skeleton?
cell shape, movement (cilia, flagella) organelle anchorage and movement cell division endo/exocytosis
54
Define differentially permeable
allows some substances through a membrane but excludes others
55
Function of the plasma membrane
isolation, regulation of exchange
56
Function of the phospholipid bilayer
membrane fluidity, allows hydrophobic substances in, hydrophilic out
57
Function of cholesterol
acts as a patch to stop certain small molecules
58
Define integral proteins
transverse entire plasma membrane
59
Define peripheral proteins
project out from the edge of the plasma membrane
60
Function of proteins in the plasma membrane
structure: stabilize parts and give cell shape recognition: binding sites to identify cell to others communication: receptors, allow contact for signals sent via chemicals transport: channels for molecules to pass in or out
61
Function of glycocalyx
carbohydrate chains act as binding sites for proteins on the plasma membrane
62
What is Cytology?
The study of cells
63
Function of desmosomes
attach cells by gluing plasma membranes
64
Function of tight junctions
waterproofing
65
Function of gap junctions
protein channels connecting two cytosols, transferring of hormones, ions, nutrients, electricity
66
Function of plasmodesmata
cytoplasmic strands from one cell to another via mutual port holes
67
Define pinocytosis (endocytosis)
invagination around small compounds
68
Define phagocytosis (endocytosis)
enveloping of larger organisms or organisms
69
Define receptor-mediated (endocytosis)
receptors on the plasma membrane bind specific molecules which induces pinocytosis
70
Define endocytosis
movement of large molecules/organisms INTO a cell
71
Define exocytosis
movement of molecules OUT of the cell
72
Function of the Golgi Apparatus
modifying, sorting and packaging of proteins for secretion
73
Define autotrophic
to make its own food
74
Define heterotrophic
taking in preformed compounds
75
Define photosynthesis
synthesize food using light energy
76
Define chemosynthesis
synthesize food from chemicals
77
Define metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions within an organism to regulate all of life's processes
BIO 151 prof. Kraai
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