1
Q
Haiti (13)
A
- 1801 to 1803
- Peace w/ Britain gives Napoleon opportunity for colonial reconquest & expedition
- Wanted former sugar colony (Sant-Dominigue) which french lost from slave revolt in 1790s
- French withdrew in 1803, and independent empire of Haiti formed
2
Q
“Notables”
A
- No longer just about ancestry
- Military nobility
- Some clashing between new and old nobility
3
Q
Camp at Boulogne (14,15)
A
- 1803 to 1805
- Shallow harbor, problems of landing craft
- Problems in coordination (9 plans in a little over a year) (people with different plans at different times)
- Relief shows up 2 days after battle
- First period of peace, first opportunity to equip
4
Q
Trafalgar (14)
A
- October 21, 1805 (day after Ulm)
- Near straits of Gibraltar
- Very close fighting
- Spanish dissent within fleet (“French admiral does not know his business”)
- British cut the line of French/Spanish fleet
- Nelson killed
- French Navy = no more, Spanish fleet sunk
5
Q
Lord Nelson (15)
A
- British
- Killed in battle of Trafalgar
6
Q
Ulm Campaign (16)
A
- October 20, 1805
- Part of German campaign
- French defeat Austrians
7
Q
Austerlitz Campaign (16)
A
- Part of German campaign (Dec. 1805)
- Russians now involved in fight against France
- Lack of supplies (SHOES)
- Battle that Napoleon wins most completely
- Results in Treaty of Pressburg
- Ends third alliance
8
Q
Treaty of Pressburg (16)
A
- Result of Austerlitz campaign
- December 1805
- Creation of Confederation of the Rhine
- Austrians want peace
- End of Holy Roman Empire
9
Q
Louis Bonaparte
A
- Napoleon’s younger brother
- Married to Josephine’s daughter
- Ruled Holland (like it there and people liked him)
- Education reform (standardization)
- Trade w/ England continued despite blockade
- Louis did not completely obey Napoleon
- Abdicated in 1810 / exiled to Austria
10
Q
The 4th Coalition
A
- 1806 through 1807
- Prussia, Russia, Sweden, Saxony, and Britain
- Oct. 1806 declaration of war
11
Q
Jena/Auerstedt
A
- October 14 1806
- Napoleon attacks before allies can organize
- Jena: Napoleon outnumbers, Prussians surrounded and flee
- Auerstedt: Jena not main Prussian army but French still has victory = fall of Berlin
- Time of war = 19 days
12
Q
Berlin Decree
A
- Nov. 21, 1806
- Continental system (blockade)
- Prussia loses territory and people
- Reorganization of Germany under French auspices
- Trade cut off from Britain
13
Q
Battle of Friedland
A
- June 14, 1807
- Last battle of 4th Coalition
- Surprise attacks by Russian forces
- French success
- Results in armistice/Treaty of Tilsit
14
Q
Treaty of Tilsit
A
- July 7, 1807
- After battle of Friesland (met on a raft)
- Peace between Napoleon and Alexander
- Reestablishment of the Duchy of Warsaw
- Agreement by Russia to join continental system
- Theory: establish permanent peace in continental Europe
15
Q
Milan Decree
A
- December 1807
- British made illegal all trade with France by British subject, allies or neutrals
- Part of ongoing economic warfare
16
Q
Orders in Council
A
- British
- Theory: no trade with Europe except through Britain
- Maintained external trade
17
Q
Holy Roman Empire
A
- Established 800 Charlemagne
- Most of Italy, Germany, eastern France until 1700s-mostly German lands
- Ruled by Habsburg dynasty
18
Q
Confederation of the Rhine
A
- 1806, 16 German states
- 1808, basically all of Germany outside of Austria and Prussia
- Under overall direction of Napoleon
- Replacement for HRE - college of kings and diet, but these never meet
- military alliance between France and German states
19
Q
“Blocks of Granite”
A
- During a speech to the Conseil d’Etat in 1800, Napoleon announced that he believed society to be too fragmented (like “grains of sand”) and was resolved to instituting a project that would create “the masses of granite”. These “masses” would be comprised of the key institutions, laws and legal codes of France, as well as a social reorganisation. A large part of this reorganisation would be given over to the notables, upon whom Napoleon wished to base French society.
20
Q
Address to German Nation
A
- 1807
- Johann Gottlieb Fichte
- German nation exists without territorial borders
- German history based on shared language/history/customs/traditions
- Called for by the upper classes, rather than the lower classes as in France
- Napoleon as new Rome=enemy
21
Q
Joseph Bonaparte
A
- Formerly king of Naples
- By 1808, put on throne of Spain
22
Q
Imperial Catechism
A
- 1806
- Approved by catholic legate to France
- Example of how Napoleon tried to make religion work for his regime
- Christians “owe” respect, prayers…to Napoleon b/c God chose him
23
Q
Archduke Charles
A
- Son of Francis (Austria)
- Introduction of conscription
- Not enough money in treasury to support indefinite mobilization
- Charles in command of attack, but doesn’t have the support
- Austria attacks before French ready
24
Q
Conscription
A
- Drafts
- Resistance to service increasing throughout Napoleon campaign
- Fueled widespread resentment
- Falls heaviest on the poor
- Fines and imprisonment for draft evasion
25
Aspern/Esseling
- May 21, 1809
- Campaign in Austria
- French attack by pontoon boats
- Counter attack by Charles, push French troops back to river for escape
- First field defeat of Napoleon's career
26
Wagram
- July 6-7, 1809
- Attack by Charles of both of French flanks w/ some success
- Cavalry and massed artillery in middle-force Austrian forces to retreat (not pursued)
- Mid-July, Armistice at Znaim, Austrians out of money
- Success after failure of Aspern/Esseling
27
Treaty of Schonbrunn
- October 14, 1809
- Austrian land concessions (Adriatic ports to France, Galicia to Poland, Tyrol to
Bavaria.)
- Confirmation of Bonapartist Spain
- Limits on army size
- 85 million Franc indemnity
28
Josephine de Beauharnais
- 1809 divorce
- Dynasty in need of an heir
- Replaced with a younger model
- Gets to keep her title (the children too)
29
Manuel Godoy
- Prime minister (1792-1797) (1801-1808)
- Noble, favorite of King Carlos AND Queen
- Captain General of Spain (1797)
- Ally of Napoleon (he's real king to Napoleon)
30
Ferdinand VII
- Heir to Spanish monarchy
- Takes throne when Carlos abdicates/escapes from revolt in Spain (1808)
- Has a lot of support in Spain
31
Dos/Tres de Mayo
- Peasant uprisings in Spain (French trying to hold onto control)
- Violence from both sides
- Best troops of Napoleon in Denmark at time
- Political resolution - Napoleon mediates between Carlos and Ferdinand - both abdicate - Napoleon gives throne to Joseph
32
Duchy of Warsaw
- 1807
| - Created as a barrier to Russia
33
Empress Marie Louise
- Daughter of Austrian emperor
- Created bond between Napoleon and one of Europe's illustrious dynasties
- Legitimacy to Napoleon's heir and rule
- Married end of 1810
- Son titled king of Rome
34
Based on the readings and class lectures, assess the successes and failures of the continental system. HINT: consider the idea behind the system, internal impacts, foreign policy implications, smuggling, and corruption.
- Failure: Conscription (growing resentment from people)
- Failure: Continental blockade (economic hardship for everyone)
- Success: Napoleon was able to put family in most positions of authority
35
Analyze Napoleon’s reconstruction of the European map from 1804-1812. What were his goals in the reformation of Europe, and was he successful up to 1812? HINT: think not only in terms of the territorial map, but also the political map in terms of governance.
- Goal: Surrounding kingdoms allied through family (success)
- Goal: Great Britain, even Russia (failure)
- Although he might have held a lot of territory, he didn't hold the same amount of land in popular support or loyalty (Spain)
36
In your interpretation of the events from 1804 to 1812, what accounts for Napoleon’s military success? Do we see a change in this success over the course of time? HINT: think not only in terms of the grande
armee and French superiority (or not), but also in terms of his opposition’s strengths and weaknesses. Think broadly on the question of opposition- Spain, Prussia, Austria, Russia
- The complete understood importance of the military (service medals)(nobility according to achievement)
- He starts wearing a little thin (when he has to split up his troops)
- Napoleon very organized (most of the time) and his opposition not as much-he attacks them before they expect it-Spain, too many small factions)
37
In your analysis, what role did religion and religious leaders play in the expansion of Napoleon’s empire, the challenges to his empire, and his administration of the French empire from 1804 to 1812? Hint: think in terms of his relationship with the Pope, popular opinions on religion, the influence of religion in supporting or opposing Napoleon’s rule, and the role of the church in his foreign policy.
- Religion was a form of legitimacy to Napoleon's rule - when he worked with Pope
- Religion also an issue for him (especially Spain) he wanted to be the most dominant leader but devotion to the Church hindered that
38
Czar Alexander
- Successor to Paul (1801)
- In favor of coalition against France (Paul hostile to Britain)
- Fragile alliance made w/ Napoleon in Treaty of Tilsit
39
Kingdom of Italy
- Northern and Southern Italy separated by language and culture
- Gov. = 3 colleges: owners, scholars, traders
- Admin. = viceroy, Nap. stepson
- Support for Nap. from elites
40
Civil Catechism (Spanish)
- 1808
- Went against Napoleon unlike catechisms in conjunction with Napoleon
- Killing frenchmen not a sin
- Wants Ferdinand as leader of Spain
- Question/Answer
41
Fifth Coaltion
- Austria, United Kingdom, Spain, Sicily
| - 1809
42
Jacques-Louis David
- Painter
- Worked closely with Napoleon
- French
43
Emperor Francis
- Holy Roman Emperor until 1806
- Austrian emperor
- Father to Maria Louisa
44
Archduke Charles
- Brother to emperor Francis
- Austrian
- Very formidable foe to Napoleon
- Military strategist
Napoleonic
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