Animal Welfare > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 3 primary measures of animal welfare

A
  1. behavioral
  2. applied
  3. technical
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2
Q

what are behavioral measures

A

the assessment of the occurrence of of specific behaviors

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3
Q

applied measures

A

quickly measurable assessments that are typically visual in nature

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4
Q

technical measures

A

direct measurements of physiological or environmental factors associated with animal welfare

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5
Q

what are the 5 requirements for accurate welfare assessment

A
  1. measurement must be OBJECTIVE, which means unaltered by emotion of personal prejudice
  2. the variables that are measured must be RELATED to the species and welfare state under concern
  3. the impact of human presence and restraint stress must be accounted for
  4. must be able to clearly see the sampling unit at all times
  5. must not create a sampling bias
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6
Q

what is an ethogram

A

a dictionary of the names and descriptions of all the behavioral patterns that constitute a species behavioral repertoire

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7
Q

3 major behavior sampling methods

A
  1. focal
  2. scan
  3. time
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8
Q

when are avoidance tests used

A

used to assess fear of factors associated with negative experiences
-they measure the distance an animal keeps from an approaching person

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9
Q

what is confounding

A

a situation where a dependent variable is influenced by external conditions such that the true effects of an independent variables cannot be isolated

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10
Q

what are applied measures used for and why

A

auditing because:

  1. quick to measure
  2. repeatable
  3. outcome based variables
  4. animal based assessments
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11
Q

what are the 4 common applied measurements

A
  1. coat, skin, feather condition
  2. body condition
  3. locomotion/lameness
  4. wounds/lesions
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12
Q

what might the coat skin and feather assessment prove

A

may indicate flaw in management or the presence of disease states

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13
Q

what does body condition assess

A

the fatness and thinness

-based on the visibility of skeletal structures through the skin or hide

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14
Q

what does the locomotion/lameness score assess

A

measures the ease or difficulty an animal has when walking

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15
Q

wound lesion scoring

A

indicates the prevalence and or severity of wounds or lesions on the body which could be multiple factors:

  • handling
  • facility
  • genetic predisposition
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16
Q

characteristics of technical measures

A
  • generally precise and highly objective
  • more costly than behavioral or applied measures
  • focus heavily on physiology and biochemistry
  • difficult to conduct in field conditions
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17
Q

2 common technical measures

A
  1. hormones: cortisol and epinephrine
  2. metabolites: glucose and lactate
    (fight or flight)
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18
Q

what is the fight or flight response

A
  1. stimulation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
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19
Q

2 types of stress

A
  1. distress

2. eustress

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20
Q

order of occurrence for the fight or flight response

A
  1. stressful stimulus
  2. activation of amygdala and hypothalamus
  3. CRF or CRH released
  4. anterior pituitary secretes ACTH
  5. adrenal gland secretes epinephrine and cortisol
  6. physiology changes occur
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21
Q

how is the glucose and lactate measurement measured and what are the end results

A
  1. measured by enzymatic digestion

2. end results of reactions create color or changes in electrical conductivity

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22
Q

when handling animals, the most important factor to account for is

A

the animals status on the food chain

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23
Q

can the body tell the difference between the 2 types of stress

A

no, but the brain can differentiate

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24
Q

Epinephrine and cortisol are released into the blood. This causes what to increase

Study These Flashcards
A

blood glucose

25
when does lactate form
forms if the metabolic rate exceeds oxygen supply
26
define HPA axis
emotional responses trigger hormone release cascade called the Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
27
what 2 chemical responses to stress are almost identical
cortisol and lactate
28
what is the objective of animal handling
manipulation of animal behavior through visual, auditory, and or physical stimuli and learned behaviors to produce a desired outcome
29
how long does it take for an excited animal to calm down
20-30 minutes
30
what are 5 ways the flight zone of an animal is impacted
1. genetics 2. handling history 3. size 4. pregnancy status 5. familiarity with enivornment
31
where is the point of balance
point of balance is located between the shoulder and eye of the animal
32
what are 4 reasons painful procedures are used
1. increased safety (dehorning) 2. treatment of injury and disease (tail docking pigs) 3. production of desirable products (castration) 4. idetification
33
what are the 2 categories of painful procedures
1. medically necessary | 2. medically unnecessary
34
List examples of "obvious" and "not so obvious" procedures that are medically necessary
1. Obvious - surgery - fracture repair - amputation 2. not so obvious - catheters - feeding tubes - chemotherapy
35
list examples of medically unnecessary procedures for dogs and cats
1. dogs: tail docking, ear cropping, dew claw removal 2. cats: onychectomy BOTH: spay and neuter
36
how does good animal welfare result in successful production animal husbandry (4 ways)
1. affects the product being produced 2. welfare state affects the financial health of the producer 3. consumer perception of welfare affects marketing of the product 4. ETHICAL FOR THE ANIMAL
37
what statement is the primary obstacle with good animal welfare
"because I can"
38
what motivates companion animal owners to avoid painful procedures and give pain relief
1. societal shift of ethics | 2. education and awareness
39
what are the 2 challenges we face when using pain medication for animals
1. how do we select appropriate therapies | 2. how do we assess the therapies
40
define acute pain
pain generated by initial procedure
41
define chronic pain
follows acute pain, present during healing
42
define pathological pain
generated by nerve damage which may last weeks, months or years (HARDEST TO TREAT)
43
what are the physiological indicators of pain
1. heart rate 2. blood pressure 3. rectal temp 4. brain activity
44
what are the behavioral indicators of pain
1. restlessness 2. vocalization 3. tail swishing 4. ear flicking
45
3 things to consider before performing a painful procedure
1. is the procedure necessary 2. what harms are caused by the procedure 3. do the benefits outweigh the harms
46
what is an analgesic
a drug that reduces or eliminates the mechanisms causing pain
47
what is an anesthetic
the state induced by the drug | -removes the sensation of pain
48
what are the 4 methods of administration of pain treatment
1. systemic 2. epidural 3. regional 4. local
49
The systemic method if typically used for what analgesics
1. NSAIDs | 2. a-2 AAs
50
What is an epidural
an injection of anesthetic into the vertebral canal
51
What is a regional injection
injection of anesthetic into a specific nerve which blocks sensation to a region of the body
52
what is a local anesthetic
direct application of anesthetic to painful area of the body
53
what are the 6 common painful procedures in cattle
1. disbudding 2. dehorning 3. castration 4. branding 5. ear notching or tagging 6. tail docking
54
what are the 3 common painful procedures for sheep
1. castration 2. tail docking 3. ear notching or tagging
55
5 common painful procedures for pigs
1. castration 2. teeth clipping 3. tail docking 4. ear notching 5. nose ringing
56
3 common painful procedures for horses
1. castration 2. tail docking 3. tail nicking
57
3 common painful procedures for poultry
1. beak trimming 2. dubbing or desnooding 3. claw removeal
58
what hormone is released from the adrenal cortex during a stressful event
cortisol
59
when cortisol is released, what substance increases in concentration in the blood
glucose
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