What is a eukaryote?
Nucleolus
What is a prokaryotic cell?
- lack a nucleus, mitochondria and any membrane bound organelle
- bacteria and archaea
What is the defining difference between prokaryotic and eukaryote cells?
- Eukaryote cells have a nucleus
- Prokaryotic cells have a nucleoid in the cytosol lacking a nuclear envelop, which contains a single strand of DNA
What are the advantages of having internal membrane bound organelles like a nucleus?
Memranous organelles help to compartmentalize the cell so that each reaction in the organelle is separate from those of other organelles and can function simulataneously increasing efficiency. -Membranes offer protection
-Regulate what goes in and out.
what is the nucleus?
- A membrane bound structure that contains the cell’s hereditary information and controls the cell’s growth and reproduction
- Surrounded by a nuclear envelope which separates it from the cytoplasm
- Chromosomes contain DNA are contained here
What is the nucleolus?
The round granular structure within the nucleus of a cell composed of protein and RNA.
-Nucleolus is involved with ribosomal RNA synthesis and formation of ribosomes in eukaryotes
What are Ribosomes?
- Cell organelles that consist of RNA and proteins.
- Responsible for assembling the proteins of the cell- translation
- 2 Subunits
- Eukaryotic cells only
What are transport vessicles?
Vessicles that are involved in shuttling cargo from the interior of the cell to the cell surface, from the cell surface to the interior, accross the cell or around the cell to various locations
Golgi Apparatus
A complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplam of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport
- has cisternae.
- molecules synthesized i the ER come here to the cis and continue to the trans where they are released
Lysosome
Made by the ER
- digest nucleic acids, polysaccharides, fats, and proteins.
- Reycyle cells organic material are involved in intracellular digestion.
Vacuole
organelle with little internal structure
most prominent in plant cells
- In the cytoplasm it contains water, food or metabolic waste.
-gives a plant its structure to be upright.
-pigmentation, protection
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Tubular and lacks ribosomes
- functions in lipid synthesis, carb metabolism, calcium storage, drug detoxification, and attchement of receptors on cell membrane proteins
- the increased surface area via tube allows for the storage of key enzymes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Eukaryotic organelle made up of tubes and sacs studded with ribosomes which bind when it starts to synthesize membrane-bound proteins for sorting
-Proteins of the plasma are made in the rough ER
Which organelles belong in the endomembrane system?
Endopolasmic reticulum, Golgi body, various vesicles, lysosomes, ribosomes, plasma membrane, reticulum vacuoles, vessicles, nuclear envelope, cell membrane
Cytosol
Fluid component of the cytoplasm. the liquid found inside cells EXCLUDING organelles.
Cytoplasm
Eukaryotic cells= part between the cell membrane and nuclear envelope. jelly-like substance that contains the cytosol, organelles, and inclusions but not the nucleus
Prokaryotic cells= everything enclosed by the cell membrane including the cytosol and all other cellular components in the nucleoid region
Acid hydrolase
An enzyme that works best in acidic pHs. Located in lysosomes
Acid hydrolases may be nucleases, proteases, glycosidases, lipases, phosphatases, sulfatases and phospholipases.
-degradative enzyme of the lysosome that break down biological matter
Central Vacuole
vacuoles are essentially membrane-bound sacs found in the cytoplasm. In animal cells, vacuoles are relatively small, and are used as temporary storage areas for materials and for transport purposes. In plant cells there is generally a large single central vacuole which provides structure and support by maintaining turgor pressure (fluid pressure that keeps the cell ridged.
-stores nutrients, water, waste products
Cisternae
flattened membrane disks that make up the Golgi apparatus usually around 6. Cisternae carry Golgi enzymes and structural proteins.
Flagellum
a long thread like appendage, especially a whiplike extension of certain cells or unicellular organisms that function as an organ of locomotion
Endomembrane system
Composed of different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell NOT including the mitochondria and the cholorplasts
