exam 2-chapter 5

Question 1

Hormones

Answer 1

Chemicals secreted by cells in one part of the body that travel through the bloodstream to act on target organs or tissues elsewhere in the body.

Question 2

Endocrine glands

Answer 2

Glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream (no ducts).

Question 3

Major endocrine structures

Answer 3

Hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal gland, pancreas, gut, and gonads.

Question 4

Exocrine glands

Answer 4

Glands that use ducts to secrete substances outside the body, such as sweat or tears.

Question 5

Endocrine vs Exocrine

Answer 5

Endocrine releases hormones internally into blood

Question 6

Endocrine communication

Answer 6

Hormones released into the bloodstream affect distant target tissues.

Question 7

Neurocrine (synaptic) communication

Answer 7

Neurons release neurotransmitters across synapses to target cells.

Question 8

Autocrine communication

Answer 8

A cell releases a chemical that acts on itself through autoreceptors.

Question 9

Paracrine communication

Answer 9

A cell releases chemicals that diffuse to nearby target cells.

Question 10

Pheromones

Answer 10

Chemical signals released into the environment to communicate with members of the same species.

Question 11

Allomones

Answer 11

Chemicals released by one species that affect the behavior of another species.

Question 12

General principles of hormone action

Answer 12

Hormones act gradually, influence behavior probability/intensity, and have reciprocal relationships with behavior.

Question 13

Additional hormone principles

Answer 13

Hormones often act in bursts (pulsatile release), follow circadian rhythms, can interact with other hormones, and only affect cells with matching receptors.

Question 14

Peptide (protein) hormones

Answer 14

Short chains of amino acids that act quickly and bind to cell surface receptors, activating second messenger systems.

Question 15

Amine hormones

Answer 15

Modified single amino acids (monoamines) that also act quickly through surface receptors.

Question 16

Steroid hormones

Answer 16

Derived from cholesterol, they pass through cell membranes and bind to intracellular receptors to alter gene expression (slower but longer-lasting effects).

Question 17

Central Dogma

Answer 17

DNA → mRNA → Protein

Question 18

Steroid receptor effect

Answer 18

Steroid hormones bind receptors inside cells, directly influencing transcription and protein synthesis.

Question 19

Steroid genomic effect

Answer 19

Long-term change in gene expression due to steroid-receptor complexes binding DNA.

Question 20

Negative feedback mechanism

Answer 20

A system where a hormone’s effects inhibit further secretion, maintaining balance.

Question 21

Autocrine feedback

Answer 21

Hormone acts on the same endocrine cell that secreted it to inhibit further release.

Question 22

Target cell feedback

Answer 22

The biological effects of a hormone reduce its own further release by signaling the endocrine gland.

Question 23

Brain and pituitary feedback regulation

Answer 23

The hypothalamus and pituitary detect hormone levels and adjust release to maintain homeostasis.

Question 24

Releasing hormone

Answer 24

Produced by the hypothalamus to control pituitary hormone release.

Question 25

Tropic hormone

Answer 25

Secreted by the anterior pituitary to regulate other endocrine glands.

Question 26

Pituitary gland

Answer 26

Divided into anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis)

Question 27

Posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 27

Oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone).

Question 28

Oxytocin

Answer 28

Regulates reproduction, uterine contraction, and milk letdown

Question 29

Vasopressin (ADH)

Answer 29

Increases blood pressure and reduces urine formation.

Question 30

Posterior pituitary function

Answer 30

Hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells send hormones down axons to be released into blood from the posterior pituitary.

Question 31

Anterior pituitary function

Answer 31

Receives releasing hormones from the hypothalamus through the hypophyseal portal system and secretes tropic hormones.

Question 32

Six main tropic hormones

Answer 32

ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, and Growth Hormone (GH).

Question 33

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Answer 33

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids (stress response).

Question 34

TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)

Answer 34

Stimulates the thyroid to release thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) that regulate metabolism.

Question 35

LH (Luteinizing hormone)

Answer 35

Triggers ovulation and testosterone production in gonads.

Question 36

FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)

Answer 36

Promotes egg and sperm maturation.

Question 37

Prolactin

Answer 37

Stimulates milk production in mammary glands.

Question 38

Growth Hormone (GH)

Answer 38

Promotes growth, cell repair, and metabolism.

Question 39

Releasing vs Tropic hormones

Answer 39

Releasing hormones come from the hypothalamus

Question 40

Adrenal gland function

Answer 40

Produces stress hormones (corticosteroids from cortex, epinephrine/norepinephrine from medulla).

Question 41

Thyroid gland function

Answer 41

Produces T3 and T4 to regulate metabolism, growth, and development.