Exam 2 (Improving Memory)

Question 1

What is consolidation?

Answer 1

converting temporary memories (STM) to LTM

Question 2

What are types of mnemonics?

Answer 2

1. Method of Loci
2. Peg Word system
3. First letter technique (acrostics)
4. chunking
5. rhyming/keyword

Question 3

What is the method of loci?

Answer 3

3 steps

1. identify sequence of familiar places
2. create images of to-be-recalled items associated with places
3. recall by “revisiting” places

Question 4

What are peg word systems?

Answer 4

pairs of rhyming words form “pegs” for to-be-remembered items

Question 5

T/F

Those who used peg-word system and interactive imagery remembered much better than isolated images or verbal rehearsal

Answer 5

True

Question 6

What is dual encoding?

Answer 6

using 2 modalities to remember

• visual + motor (enactment effect) “tear the paper”
• visual + verbal
• varying study environments

Question 7

What are methods of consolidation?

Answer 7

1. mnemonics
2. dual encoding
3. comprehension
4. minimize interference
5. use distributed practice
6. self-tests

Question 8

What is the testing-effect?

Answer 8

when you are asked something and receive feedback, it sticks in your memory

Question 9

What is a reliable technique of improving retrieval?

Answer 9

context reinstatement

- ex. walking out of a room, forget what you needed to do, walk back in room to remember it

Question 10

What are 3 techniques to improve retrieval?

Answer 10

1. context reinstatement
2. hypnosis
3. avoid bizzare/unusual hiding places

Question 11

What is prospective memory?

Answer 11

remembering to do things in the future; memory for intentions

Question 12

What are the types of prospective memory (2)?

Answer 12

• time-based “when it is 3:05 raise your hand”

- event-based “buy milk on the way home”

Question 13

Prospective memory ability is correlated with ___ memory ability

Answer 13

episodic

Question 14

What can failures of proactive memory be caused by?

Answer 14

• departures from customary actions (trying to remember to get milk but parking in a different parking lot in the morning
• being distracted
• time pressure

Question 15

What is the aging paradox?

Answer 15

older adults often are more impaired in the lab but perform significantly better than young adults on time-based tasks in naturalistic settings
- habit, consistent schedules