Exam 2 Objectives Flashcards

Question

Spanish Mysticism and Teresa of Avila (1515-1582)

Answer 1

* 1535 Teresa enters Convent (20 yrs old) * Could not read Latin * 1555 Spiritual Experiences * 1562 Founded _Discalced ("barefoot") Carmelite Convent_ * Because she puts an emphasis on mysticism, she is seen as a real threat to the male hierarchy of the Church * Well known sculpture: painful and sweet ecstasy of vision * 1562 Wrote Book of Her Life * 1567 Established additional houses * 1562-1569 Way of Perfection * 1576 Spiritual Testimony * 1577 Interior Castle

Answer 2

Excerpt: *Whenever the Lord gave me some command in prayer and the confessor told me to do something different, the Lord Himself would speak to me again and tell me to obey Him.....\*\*\***His Majesty Himself has been to me the Book in which I have seen what is true.*** **\*\*\*Complete excerpt on BB. Know bold for exam.** * **Strom read the above aloud in lecture – Teresa is not condemning male hierarchy, but she is still subverting it – forced to really defend her spiritual mysticism and religious experiences**

Answer 3

* Confessors took away all Spanish works – if she can’t have access to the Spanish literature, “God will give me a Living Book” – a strong confidence that kind of stands up to the church hierarchy * She couldn’t speak/read Latin * Her works are banned under the inquisition

Answer 4

Prayer as entrance to Interior Castle * Two divisions of seven dwelling places: * Active: * 1st dwelling place – entrance to castle through prayer * 2nd – rooms set apart for those with experience in practice or prayer * 3rd – for those who persevere and struggle * Passive/Mystical: * 4th – infused prayer * 5th – prayer of union * 6th – inward journey and spiritual betrothal (soul in ecstasy – could be a torment) * 7th – intellectual vision of Most Blessed Trinity, spiritual marriage, and perfect union * The point of reaching spiritual union is not the union itself – but instead after the union, to live a life of good works – the fruit of spiritual marriage is good works

Answer 5

Their prayers for the world are making a difference – prayer leads to action!

Answer 6

* Currently the most Christian country in Asia * 1465 Spanish claimed as a new territory, co-oped the local elites into their structures, including Christianity * converted almost all the Philippinos with just a few hundred priests * the Phillipino church becomes a major force of resistance for nationalists against colonial authority

Answer 7

missionaries were forced early on to learn the language creating dictionaries and grammars these helped with translation of Christianity into the culture

Answer 8

* most successful early mission but ends in disaster * 1559 Jesuits established base in Kyoto * treated Japanese with contempt, didn’t learn the language * Valignano said it was important to adopt the culture and build churches like Japanese architecture * move to indigenization enculturation and it was extremely successful once it was implemented * Christians began to be persecuted, over 2,000 including prominent Japanese Christians and European missionaries but created “martyrs” * Torture was then used to create apostates; those who renounce their faith

Answer 9

- stressed the need for _adaptation_ in China - do not attempt to change their behavior or culture; bring the _faith_ not our countries’ culture

Answer 10

* _Enculturation_ approach - adapts Christianity to Chinese context * decides to learn the _Chinese language and culture_; engages in an exchange where he passes along knowledge from scientific revolution in the west in exchange for knowledge of the Chinese culture * ingratiates himself with the _highest Chinese intellectuals_ * _vertical conversion_ = convert the elite and others will follow; finds points of equivalency between Christianity and Confucianism * Argues that Christianity is the _most reasonable_; trying to replace Buddhism

Answer 11

* differences in Christologies * Nestorians in Asia; object to Caledonians image as Mary being mother of God * Europe is Caledonian - dominates * Monophysite and Miaphysite is Africa * Europeans have problems when they encounter different Christologies in Asia and Africa

Answer 12

In the Ottoman Empire, a millet was a _separate legal court pertaining to "personal law"_ under which a confessional community (a group abiding by the laws of Muslim Sharia, _Christian Canon law_, or Jewish Halakha) was allowed to _rule itself under its own system_. (Wikipedia)

Answer 13

ottoman empire = Church of the east but primarily Islamic; Christians were given status and weren’t persecuted (millet system) but weren’t allowed to proselytize and had to pay special taxes this resulted in less Christians over time

Answer 14

a historical term referring to non-Muslim citizens of an Islamic state. The word literally means "protected person." Dhimmis were excluded from specific duties assigned to Muslims, and did not enjoy certain political rights reserved for Muslims, but were otherwise equal under the laws of property, contract, and obligation

Answer 15

* Jesuits/Enculturation vs. Dominicans/UniversalCatholic Doctrine * 1630: Spanish Dominicans show up and are concerned with Jesuit techniques of enculturation * Spanish Dominicans see China as mission field; quick evangelization and saw Jesuits as compromising Catholic doctrine * Both sides petitioned Rome for their way of evangelization * Dominicans gained influence with the emperors in China and the Jesuit missionaries were expelled in 1724

Answer 16

Christianity remains in China but not tied to literary elites and continues in a diminished respect No native clergy left after the Jesuits were expelled to lead the church = greatest failing of this movement

Answer 17

No great theological debates; primarily Catholic Portugal and Spain split the globe; Spain interested in colonization Portugal interested in trade routes

Answer 18

Hispaniola Iberian Christianity took over land and people as disease decreased native population

Answer 19

Yucatan Peninsula Mayans worshiped idols in caves and then Franciscans tortured those found with them Natives worshipped old system with new tradition of the Catholic church

Answer 20

Our Lady of Guadalupe Represents an appropriation of Christian saints being practiced by natives like their previous worship of the goddess

Answer 21

* Outside of Mexico City the Spanish destroyed a temple of the Aztec goddess Tonatzin and replaced with a church for the Virgin Mary * Mary came to native Juan Diego in a vision which resulted on many natives making pilgrimages to this site

Answer 22

Slaves adjusted to local practices; combined Christian symbols and infused them with African beliefs from their homeland; specifically amulets, mediums, etc. Mostly away from urban centers so not much clergy and the clergy found it difficult to work with the native populations; not much oversight over slaves

Answer 23

* first person to be _ordained as a priest in the Americas_; was a tax collector first * becomes a _defender of the natives_ and wanted to change policy and goes back to Spain * Named “protector of the natives” and returns to the New World and joins the Dominican order in 1522

Answer 24

* that the gospel should be taught to all people and that the natives should not be treated in an unjust or tyrannical way and that the natives should be granted restitution * should be both illegal to apply force to convert native * this method should be recognized as ineffective counter-productive

Answer 25

* Longer history of Christianity than the Americas; Tertullian and Augustine of Hippo and others influenced the early church * 600-900 Islam rises and then pushed back but Africa is never reclaimed by Christians; Christianity goes underground in Africa and less prominent in Egypt

Answer 26

* Very influential on early Christianity * Clement of Alexandria * Origen * Cyril of Alexandria * Monastic Tradition * After Chalcedon, they lose contact with the west * Miaphysite vs. Monophysite

Answer 27

* Under Portuguese rule * King converted to Christianity in 1490’s and the country converts with him to Roman Catholicism and establishes trade with Europe * Main trade is slavery from inland

Answer 28

doctrine reform

Answer 29

Teresa is not condemning male hierarchy, but she is still subverting it – forced to really defend her spiritual mysticism and religious experiences

Answer 30

"I call piety that reverence joined by love of God which the knowledge of his benefice induces." * Wants to explore the relationship between God and piety. * The only possible understanding of God will be relational. * Not a series of good works that lead to piety * True piety is understanding what God has done for humanity

Answer 31

The point of reaching spiritual union is not the union itself – but instead after the union, to live a life of good works – the fruit of spiritual marriage is good works

Answer 32

“all events are governed by God’s secret plan” (Institutes I.xvi.2)

Answer 33

1) Convicts 2) Restrains 3) Normative guide for Christians

Answer 34

Christ is the ultimate prophet for Calvin

Answer 35

Luther had the idea that we were _simultaneously saint and sinner_ and would get upset if you ever had the idea that you were better than someone else. Wanted people to constantly be moving back and forth between I want to be a better person, but I’m really a terrible person and I need justification. Calvin able to see a _trajectory going forward_ into the future. Launches you forward into progress and someone can become holier in your life. There are better Christians than others.

Answer 36

Agreed with Luther that they were only 2 baptism and communion. Agreed that sacraments were a “Visible form of an invisible grace” “visible sign joined of a sacred thing” "It seems to me that a simple and proper definition [of a sacrament] would be to say that it is an outward sign by which the Lord seals on our consciences the promises of his good will toward us in order to sustain the weakness of our faith; and we in turn attest our piety toward in the presence of the Lord and of his angels before men." IV.xiv.1

Answer 37

* Differed from Zwingli in that he had no problem acknowledging that Christ presence in the eucharist was real, but agrees with him on opposing the ubiquity of Christ’s body in the eucharist. * Corrects the understanding that they are not bare signs of the absence body of Christ, but signs that the reality of elements are signs to which Christ’s saving presence is conjoined. * Believed that the elements are instruments that God uses efficaciously when he pleases and can be means of grace. * He doesn’t resolve how the real presence is resolved

Answer 38

* Prophetic: bears witness to grace of God * Kingly: rules over the Church and each Christian • Christ rules over us all * Priestly: atones for human sinfulness and intercedes with God. * Through Christ atonement he is able to act as a mediator for God. * Continuing to intercede for us

Answer 39

* Scripture is the _avenue of revelation_ * _God and humanity_ must always be understood together * Structures the institute to follow God’s instructions to humans intellectual ability. * Structure follows Apostles Creed * God the Creator, Christ the Redeemer, Holy Spirit and the Church * Major Themes: Sovereignty of God, grace and Redemption of undeserving human beings

Answer 40

* Scripture is necessary for the knowledge of God and is the _source of our knowledge of God_. * We can’t wait for God to come to us. * God is present in nature and is manifest, but bc of our fallen nature it’s _only through scripture that we have the possibility to understand God_ * Scripture as a set of _spectacles_ * It allows us to have right knowledge of God. * Doesn’t restore 20/20 vision * If you take away scripture, we lose our vision.

Answer 41

Not a biblical literalist(Agrees with Luther) Scripture is intrinsic to the Word of God The same Spirit that speaks to the prophet allows scripture to speak to us and penetrate our hearts. Authority of scripture depends on the H.S.

Answer 42

“The whole human race perished.” Fallen human nature requires the necessity of _Mediator_ Faith in Christ - Christ is the _indispensable link_ between God and humanity. The role of Christ is absolutely pivotal The soul cannot overcome the condemnation of sin even if we are aware of God without Christ Without Christ there is no comprehension of a true God. Humanity is just like grub worms.

Answer 43

Through faith. * How do we obtain faith? * Luther - HS * Calvin - the witness of Holy Scripture

Answer 44

* Divine election/divine reprobation as part of freedom and omnipotence of God. * God can elect or reprobate anyone that He chooses. * You cannot apply human values to God’s reasoning.

Answer 45

* The believer is grafted into Christ * Calvin argued that one is judged righteous because of Christ’s righteousness. * It matches the Lutheran idea of imputation * rejects Zwinglian that regeneration is a part of justification * Calvin argues that justification doesn’t make sanctification superfluous. * Argues that it is a direct result of the believers incorporation into Christ and that what propels one onto the path of sanctification(moral improvement). * Moral regeneration not dependent on justification but on union with Christ * Luther’s ideas of justification seemed to deny any place of obedience of the Christian life. * Zwingli seemed to make it dependent upon a type of moral generation.

Answer 46

Election —\> personal union/Christ — \> Justification { —\>glorification Sanctification

Answer 47

He wanted to structure the church on a more biblicist basis than Luther. Calvin moved along Luther’s idea that clergy weren’t different from the rest of society, but they had specific roles. Zwingli wanted to to have this unitary understanding, but Calvin wanted to preserve the independence of the church from secular law.

Answer 48

Luther the central idea was doctrine of justification Calvin the central idea was glorification of God. * Christians are called to act in the world not to achieve salvation, but because these activities express the glory of God in creation.

Answer 49

Radical = back to the root: back to the primitive church. Luther and Zwingli have no problems with the Ecumenical councils, but the _Radicals want to go back to the early church prior_ to the 4th and 5th c. doctrine.

Answer 50

* _Spiritualists_ - Thomas Müntzer (1490-1525); Kaspar von Schwenckfeld (1490-1561) * A non-biblical notion of spirituality, e.g., through the Spirit someone can continue to have divine inspiration. * _Evangelical Rationalists - _Fausto Paolo Sozzini (1539-1604); Michael Servetus (1511-1553) * _Anabaptists_ - (Menno Simons 1496-1561, Michael Sattler, et al.) * ”re-baptism” but it’s not an actual re-baptism so much as a movement that does not recognize infant baptism.

Answer 51

Dissent in Germany was due to Karlstadt’s growing iconoclastic fervor. Luther wanted to use public sentiment for a slow and steady reform, while Karlstadt wanted to expedite reforms.

Answer 52

“Twelve Articles” 1525, by the Upper Swabian Peasants “The gospel is not a cause of rebellions or insurrection” because it teaches love and peace. Also, “since the peasants want to be taught and to live by the gospel, they cannot be called disobedient or seditious”

Answer 53

Luther was principally opposed to defending the Gospel through forceful means but the revolution outran Luther. He published “Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants,” which told the ruling class to put down the peasants through any possible means, which they did. This severed ties between Luther and many peasants.

Answer 54

* believed that the questioning of authority promoted by the Lutheran Reformation should also be applied to the economic sphere. * Luther distanced himself from Müntzer, stating that the Reformation he supported did not overthrow the civil order. * Müntzer believed and taught of the "living word of God" (i.e., continued revelation and prophecy), the banning of infant baptism, and that the wine and bread of the Eucharist were only emblems of Jesus Christ's sacrifice. * Because of his position on infant baptism, Müntzer ranks as one of the founders of the Anabaptist movement, yet doubt exists as to whether he ever received adult "rebaptism". (\*Wikipedia\*) In “Sermon to the Princes” (1524), Müntzer not only criticizes the catholic mass but presents an alternative eucharist.

Answer 55

* “believer’s baptism” or re-baptism * rejected infant baptism because of its absence from New Testament * Anabaptists were persecuted and drowned by the thousands; Felix Manz was drowned in 1527 in Zurich

Answer 56

1533, rise of _apocalypticism_ 1534 Jan Matthijs declares Münster the New Jerusalem. Unbelievers are expelled. Münster becomes a _pilgrimage destination._ _Radical immigrants are entering while unbelievers are kicked out_. 1535 Protestants and Catholics are willing to unite to fight the Anabaptist revolutionaries.

Answer 57

Sattler, Michael: chaired the council that produced the Schleitheim articles Simons, Menno: * Emerges after debacle in Münster. * Emphasizes pacifism, returns to principles close to Schleitheim. Establish Mennonite tradition

Answer 58

1. Believer’s Baptism: afterthefact baptism is more of a seal of what has been done than a part of the gift of grace. This is offered for penitent believers but NOT INFANTS. 2. Ban: would ban a member from the community, based on the idea that they could recognize a righteous individual not just a righteous community. 3. Breaking of Bread: no sacramental quality; only the baptized may partake. 4. Separation from abomination: want to withdraw from the world and the evil they see in it. There is a free will ability that allows one to be differentiated. (Cf. with other reformers’ ideas of free will) 5. Pastors: “shepherd” who reads the Scriptures and teaches the community what they say, but the Pastor can be disciplined by the community. 6. The Sword (Pacifism): The only weapon of the church is the Ban. They don’t take part in civil authorities or activities that would require them to “pass sentence in dispute and strife about worldly matters.” 7. Refusal to take oaths: See oaths as contrary to Scripture.

Answer 59

* voluntary membership into churches * there was absolutely NO tolerance during this time. Thus the anabaptists were the ones breaking the mold from Christendom. The Protestants were just retrofitted Catholics, but the Anabaptists were willing to do something new and at great costs.

Answer 60

Women had some options for their lives. They may have been able to join an order to avoid the risks and responsibilities of childbirth. In contemplative orders, their jobs were to pray for society; in tertiary orders, the emphasis was on perfect living through caring for the poor and sick.

Answer 61

* Some women were able to use their education to _engage with academics_, such as Schutz Zell and von Grumbach. * Others were _inspired by visions_, which were subversive of the conventional track for authority because the knowledge comes from God rather than the educated readings of Scripture. * _Losses for women_: closing of cloister schools for women; radical voice and participation in Reformation; safety of convents.

Answer 62

an abbess at an order of the Poor Clares, who opposed many reforms in the 1520s. Was ordered to release the women from their vows, but Pirckheimer believed she could not undo the vows the women had made to God only that she could release them from the vows the made to her.

Answer 63

* Wrote the “Open Letter to Ingolstadt” in 1523, in _defense of Master Seehofer_ who was forced to confess and recant his heresy for teaching Luther and Melanchthon. * Grumbach uses _Scripture_ to defend the teachings of Luther and Melanchthon, which she declares are based on Scripture. She argues that to deny Luther would be to deny Scripture, which is the sole authority--not the Church or traditions. Claims the church leaders have led the princes and laity astray (Cf. Müntzer). * “A disputation is easily won when one argues with force, not Scripture” (84). Spiritual authority only pushes when temporal authority pushes beyond its boundaries.

Answer 64

Removes sacramental element from marriage because it does not meet his 4 criteria. Instead marriage is for * 1) procreation and raising children, * 2) containment of lust/sexuality within marriage, and * 3) companionship. This makes marriage more normative and reduces options of women from vocations to...marriage.

Answer 65

* wrote “Apologia for Master Matthew Zell” in 1524 in which she _defends her husband’s honor,_ as he was one of the first reformers to defiantly break canon law through his marriage. * She also _refutes the superior holiness of celibacy_ as an invention of the Roman church rather than a teaching of holy Scripture. * Her basis for these arguments is the _authority of Scripture_--sola scriptura--which did not depend on the traditions or authority of the Roman church. Instead, she ridicules the arguments of the church--that clerical marriages would reduce taxes on harlotry and that priests would have to choose between wives and mistresses. She counters by saying _clerical marriage would allow priests to preach against adultery and would help care for widows_ and help them maintain their property. * BUT the Protestant reformers, though welcoming her voice at the beginning of the Reformation, became more conservative and patriarchal and distanced themselves from Schutz Zell.

Answer 66

Grumbach teaching scirpture. * Had contact with Luther * Threatened with imprisonment for encouraging people to become Protestant

Exam 2 Objectives Flashcards

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