Exam 2 Quantitative Designs

Question 1

What is quantitative design?

Answer 1

All dealing with numbers. basic or fancy. all look at numbers somehow

Question 2

What are the major categories of quantitative design when looking at factors such as control, manipulation, bias?

Answer 2

Experimental, quasi-experimental, nonexperimental

Question 3

What are the major categories of quantitative designs when looking at time as the factor?

Answer 3

Cross-sectional, longitudinal, retrospective

Question 4

When can we use a quant. design?

Answer 4

• To describe phenomena
• To explain relationships and differences
• To predict relationships
• To determine causality

Question 5

Experimental designs

Answer 5

Highest level of evidence for individual studies

• make comparisons of before and after
• make comparisons between groups

Question 6

Experimental designs

MUST Demonstrate

Answer 6

Randomization
Control
Manipulation of variables

Question 7

Experimental designs

Notations used

Answer 7

R(randomization), O (observation), X(treatment or intervention)

Question 8

Randomized Control Trial (RCT)

Answer 8

A clinically focused study of any experimental design

Question 9

Randomized Control Trial:

Answer 9

• Involve a large number of subjects
• Strict inclusion guidelines
• Random assignment to treatment and control groups
• comparable on key characteristics
• Treatment (I.V.) given to intervention group
• D.V. measured for both groups

Question 10

Types of experimental designs
Basic
2 groups pretest/post-test

Answer 10

2 groups pretest/post-test
- Tx group : R O1 X O2
-Ctl group : R O1 O2
Can examine between and within subjects (groups)

Question 11

Types of experimental designs
Basic
2 group post-test only

Answer 11

• Tx group : R X O1

- Ctl group : R O2

Question 12

Types of experimental designs
Basic
Soloman 4 group

Answer 12

1st Tx and Ctl group: R O1 X O2

2nd Tx and Ctl group: R X O2

Question 13

Types of experimental designs
Basic
Multiple group

Answer 13

Multiple Tx groups and 1 Ctl group

Question 14

Types of experimental designs

Factorial

Answer 14

Usually two or more treatments to individuals in the treatment group

• Usually between subjects/groups design
• Examines main and interaction effects

Question 15

Types of experimental designs

Crossover designs

Answer 15

Subjects serve as on control
I.Vs are manipulated
I.Vs are randomized in terms of order administered

O1 O2 R X1 O3 O4 (-X) O5 O6 X2 O7 O8

(Example of longitudinal design)

Question 16

Quasi-experimental designs

Answer 16

• Can manipulate the I.V.
• May lack randomization
• May lack a control group
• Less able to make claim of probable cause and effect

Question 17

Quasi-experimental designs:

Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest

Answer 17

• COMPARISON group is not selected by random means
• Individuals are self selected into the groups (comparison rather than control group)
• Causes a problem with analysis because of the selection bias.
• Tx group : O1 X O2
• Ctl group: O1 O2

Question 18

Quasi-experimental designs:

Time series

Answer 18

• Can manipulate the I.V.
• No randomization
• No control group
• Examine one group over time

O1 O2 O3 X O4 O5 O6

Also, Longitudinal design

Question 19

Quasi-experimental designs:

Preexperimental designs

Answer 19

Can manipulate I.V. but no control and no randomization

Question 20

Quasi-experimental designs:
Preexperimental designs

One group pretest-postest

Answer 20

O1 X O2

Question 21

Quasi-experimental designs:
Preexperimental designs

Nonequivalent groups posttest only

Answer 21

• Tx group : X O2

- Ctl group: O2

Question 22

Non-experimental designs

Answer 22

• Tend to focus on personal beliefs, experiences, etc

- Cannot manipulate the I.V., cannot have a control group, cannot randomize

Question 23

Non-experimental designs are used to:

Answer 23

• Describe phenomena
• Explain relationships/differences among variables
• Predict relationships/differences among variables

Question 24

Non-experimental Descriptive Designs

Answer 24

• To provide a picture of situations as the naturally happen.
• To develop theory, identify problems with current practice, justify current practice, make judgments, or determine what other in similar situations are doing.
• There is no I.V. or D.V., just research variables

Question 25

Non-experimental Correlational Designs

Answer 25

- May describe, predict, or detect relationships. | - Examine relationships among variables (how do the variables covary? covariance is NOT causation.

Question 26

Non-experimental Correlational Designs Statistical correlation shows:

Answer 26

- Strength of relationship - Direction of relationship - Significance of relationship

Question 27

Non-experimental Correlational Designs Descriptive Correlational

Answer 27

Examines the degree of relationships between variables as described (correlation coefficients) -Test nondirectional hypotheses

Question 28

Non-experimental Correlational Designs Predictive correlational

Answer 28

- Examines the degree of relationships between variables as described - Tests a directional hypothesis - Used to determine the amount of variance (influence) predictor variables have on an outcome variable (multiple regression)

Question 29

Non-experimental Correlational Designs Model testing correlational designs

Answer 29

Causal modeling and path analysis - Many variables involved as predictors - Examines how much impact each on the outcome variable or on other predictor variables

Question 30

Ethics

Answer 30

Appropriate informed consent Design must maximize benefit and minimize risk (unforeseen events may require the study to be halted) Manipulation of the I.V. may not be ethical Self selection into groups may be most ethical approach Control groups must receive standard care Those who drop out of study (treatment group) must still receive standard care

Question 31

What is the difference between an experimental study and a quasiexperimental study?

Answer 31

Randomization

Question 32

What is the difference between an experimental study and a non-experimental study?

Answer 32

Experimental study has control group, non-experiemental does not. Research variables instead of true DV/IV Don't manipulate the variables in non-experimental, no randomization in non-experimental

Question 33

What do the following symbols indicate? R X O

Answer 33

R-Randomization X-Treatment O-Observation

Question 34

Tx group: R O1 X O2 | Ctl Group: R O1 O2

Answer 34

Experimental pretest/postest

Question 35

1st tx and ctl group: R O1 X O2 | 2nd tx and ctl group: R X O2

Answer 35

Soloman four group

Question 36

Tx group: O1 X O2 | ctl group: O1 O2

Answer 36

Quasi-experimental | Nonequivalent control pretest/posttest

Question 37

Why are non-experimental studies useful?

Answer 37

Shows relationships or differences between groups

Question 38

What is the difference between a non-experimental descriptive and a non-experimental correlational design

Answer 38

Descriptive...means, modes, frequencies, etc | Correlational...looks at correlations...pearson r