1
Q
- What type of capillaries are found in the spleen?
a. Fenestrated
b. Continuous
c. Sinusoid
d. None of the above
A
c. Sinusoid
2
Q
- The layer containing endothelium on blood vessels is called:
a. Tunica externa
b. Tunica media
c. Tunica interna
d. Tunica visceral
A
c. Tunica interna
3
Q
- Veins compared to arteries are (select all that apply):
a. Smaller lumen
b. Larger lumen
c. Have valves
d. Contains elastic element
e. Lacks muscular layer
f. Thicker walled
A
b. Larger lumen
c. Have valves
4
Q
- A nurse has been standing on his feet all day long during his 12 hours shift. If his hydrostatic pressure on the venous end of the leg capillaries is 35 mm Hg and his colloid osmotic pressure 25 mm HG, what would the net pressure be and what would that due?
a. -10 mm Hg, increased filtration causes edema
b. +10 mm Hg, increased filtration causes edema
c. +10 mm Hg, increased absorption causes edema
d. -10 mm Hg, increased absorption causes edema
A
b. +10 mm Hg, increased filtration causes edema
5
Q
- Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?
a. Drain interstitial fluid
b. Transport of hormones throughout the body
c. Protection against invaders
d. Transport of dietary lipids
A
b. Transport of hormones throughout the body
6
Q
- (True/False) Swollen lymph nodes are the result of increased number of lymphocytes present in germinal centers in response to bacterial or viral invasion or cancer.
A
True
7
Q
- The three types of tonsils include:
a. palantine, pharyngeal, lingual
b. lingual, mandibular, palantine
c. pharyngeal, nasal, lingual
d. none of the above are correct
A
a. palatine, pharyngeal, lingual
8
Q
- Which of the following is NOT true of the lymphatic system:
a. lymph vessels pick up fluid leaving the cardiovascular system because they have a lower pressure
b. The smooth muscle around the vessels moves lymph through the body
c. vessels are extremely impermeable to pathogens, proteins, and cell debris to keep the body safe
d. Respiratory pumps help bring fluid to the superior portion of the body
e. all of the above are true
A
c. vessels are extremely impermeable to pathogens, proteins, and cell debris to keep the body safe
9
Q
- Which is true about Lymph nodes:
a. Germinal centers contain macrophages and lymphocytes to fight infection
b. There are typically more efferent vessels than afferent vessels associated with the lymph nodes
c. The afferent vessel exits from the hilum
d. Trabeculae split the lymph node into nodules
e. Two of the above
A
a. Germinal centers contain macrophages and lymphocytes to fight infection
d. Trabeculae split the lymph node into nodules
e. Two of the above
10
Q
- Some functions of the spleen include:
a. destruction of red blood cells
b. filtration of blood
c. secretion of epinephrine
d. a and b
e. all of the above
A
d. a and b
11
Q
- Which of the following is not an area in which lymph nodes are concentrated?
a. Mesenteric
b. Popliteal
c. Axillary
d. Inguinal
e. Cervical
f. All of the above
A
f. All of the above
12
Q
- Carbonic anhydrase (CAH) is an enzyme
a. That is located in the erythrocyte
b. that converts carbonic acid (H2CO3) into water and CO2
c. that is necessary for glycolysis
d. a and b
e. all of the above
A
a. That is located in the erythrocyte
b. that converts carbonic acid (H2CO3) into water and CO2
d. a and b
13
Q
- Which of the following is the correct flow of air?
a. Main bronchi, larynx, respiratory bronchioles, trachea, alveoli, pharynx
b. nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli
c. larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles, alveoli
d. nasal cavity, larynx, bronchi, terminal bronchioles, pharynx, alveoli,
e. trachea, alveoli, nasal cavity, respiratory bronchioles, pharynx, bronchi
A
b. nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli
14
Q
- When muscles begin to do heavy work, there is a resultant increase in CO2, heat, and H+. These conditions will cause _________.
a. A left shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
b. oxygen to unload more readily from the hemoglobin heme sites
c. none of the above
d. all of the above
A
b. oxygen to unload more readily from the hemoglobin heme sites
15
Q
- Which of the following is a muscle involved in inspiration?
a. Internal intercostals
b. External intercostals
c. abdominal obliques
d. Rectus abdominus
e. All of the above
A
b. External intercostals
16
Q
- The respiratory zone is made up of the:
a. terminal bronchioles, alveolar sac, alveoli, alveolar duct
b. alveoli, alveolar duct, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sac
c. tertiary bronchi, alveoli, alveolar sac, trachea
d. oropharynx, respiratory bronchiole, alveoli, alveolar sac
A
b. alveoli, alveolar duct, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sac
17
Q
- Makes up the air-blood barrier
A
Respiratory membrane
18
Q
- Carries oxygen bound to hemoglobin throughout the body
A
Erythrocytes
19
Q
- Results from pressure differences at the lungs
A
Ventilation
20
Q
- Clean up dust and debris inhaled
A
Alveolar macrophages
21
Q
- Connects neighboring alveoli
A
Alveolar pores
22
Q
- Facilitate diffusion of gases
A
Alveoli
23
Q
- Increases the surface area for diffusion
A
Alveoli
24
Q
- Secretes surfactant
A
Type II Alveolar cells
25
25. Your vital capacity is 2 L. Tidal volume is 400 mL, your residual volume is 200 mL, and your expiratory reserve volume is 700 mL. What is your Inspiratory reserve Volume?
a. 300 mL
b. 1.1 L
c. 900 mL
d. 1.6 L
c. 900 mL
2000mL – (400mL+700mL)=900mL
26
26. What is the purpose of surfactant in the lungs?
a. Prevent the alveolar walls from collapsing and sticking together.
b. Prevent dust particles from diffusing across the alveolar wall.
c. Increase diffusion of gasses across the alveolar wall.
d. Phagocytize dust particles that enter the alveolus.
a. Prevent the alveolar walls from collapsing and sticking together.
27
27. Air flows into the lungs when the pressure in the alveoli
a. drops lower than the atmospheric pressure
b. rises greater than the atmospheric pressure
c. is equal to the atmospheric pressure
d. is equal to pressure in the thoracic cavity
e. none of the above are correct
a. drops lower than the atmospheric pressure
28
28. From your tidal volume you inhale as much air as possible, this volume is referred to as the
a. inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
b. expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
c. tidal volume
d. residual volume
e. maximum reserve volume
a. inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
29
29. Which of the following does not contribute to rapid gas exchange at the alveolus?
a. Diffusion distance is short
b. Surface area for exchange is large
c. the lining of alveoli is simple squamous tissue
d. All of the above facilitate rapid gas exchange
d. All of the above facilitate rapid gas exchange
30
30. What is the cause of air entering the lungs during ventilation?
a. Contraction of the diaphragm
b. Increased volume in the thoracic region
c. Air movement from a relatively high pressure to a relatively lower pressure
d. All of these are correct
d. All of these are correct
31
31. The total atmospheric pressure at Venice Beach, CA is 760 mmHg. Nitrogen is 78% of the air composition. What is the partial pressure of Nitrogen at Venice Beach?
a. 474 mmHg
b. 592 mmHg
c. 126 mmHg
d. 760 mmHg
e. Not enough information is given
b. 592 mmHg
760*0.78=592 mmHg Equations will be given on exam
32
32. Which is not a way oxygen is transported in the blood?
a. Dissolved in the Plasma
b. Bound to Hemoglobin
c. Bound to Albumin
d. All of these transport oxygen
c. Bound to Albumin
33
Where would you expect the systemic PCO2 to be the highest?
a. Venules
b. Arterioles
c. Pulmonary Vein
d. Left Atrium
a. Venules
34
34. From your tidal volume you inhale as much air as is possible then forcefully exhale as much air as possible. This change in lung volume is referred to as the _____.
a. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
b. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
c. Vital capacity
d. Total lung volume
e. Functional residual capacity
c. Vital capacity
35
35. When the diaphragm relaxes, volume in the thoracic cavity __________ and pressure in the thoracic cavity _____________.
a. Increases, increases
b. Increases, decreases
c. Decreases, decreases
d. Decreases, increases
d. Decreases, increases
36
36. Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood plasma
a. as dissolved gas and H2CO3
b. bound to hemoglobin, as dissolved gas, and bicarbonate ions
c. as dissolved gas and HCO3-
d. only as bicarbonate ions
e. only as dissolved gas
b. bound to hemoglobin, as dissolved gas, and bicarbonate ions
37
37. An increase in PH at the tissues leads to a _______ shift of the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve
a. right
b. left
c. upward
d. downward
b. left
38
39. A decrease in pH at the tissue causes the curve to shift to the ______.
a. left
b. right
c. the curve does not shift in response to pH
b. right
39
40. (True/False) If this curve were shifted to the right, it would make it more difficult for oxygen to unload from hemoglobin.
False
40
41. Hyperventilation:
a. can cause dizziness, headache, chest pain, fainting etc.
b. is breathing too little/ slow leading to decreased oxygen levels in the blood
c. leads to a decrease in pH because of increased CO2
d. can actually be helped by breathing into a paper bag because this would help increase the amount of CO2 present in the body
e. two of the above
a. can cause dizziness, headache, chest pain, fainting etc.
d. can actually be helped by breathing into a paper bag because this would help increase the amount of CO2 present in the body
e. two of the above
41
42. (True/False) The length of blood vessels is continually changing on a daily basis. When length increases, resistance increases and as length decreases, resistance decreases.
False
42
Isabella was having lots of fun her fall semester until she got ‘frat flu’ while out. The ‘frat flu’ developed into pneumonia. What portion of her respiratory tract is affected? What tissues are present in that area? And what functions are at risk?
The portion of the respiratory tract that is affected is the alveoli, which is made up of simple squamous epithelial tissue. The function that would be affected would be oxygen exchange, making it harder to breathe.
43
Bryce is living the vape life, which he thought was his best life until he got chronic bronchitis. What area of the respiratory tract does bronchitis effect and what tissues are present there? How would vaping make him more susceptible to bronchitis?
Bronchitis affects the bronchi, which are made up of smooth muscle tissue. Vaping would make him more susceptible to bronchitis due to vaping gradually “wearing away” the smooth muscle tissue in the bronchi.
44
Addy suffers from asthma which can be provoked from stress or exercise. Why would stress and exercise provoke asthma? What exactly is occurring during an asthma attack? And how can it be treated?
During stress and exercise, you tend to breathe at a harder and faster pace. This can induce an asthma attack due to your respiratory system being overstimulated resulting in the narrowing of the bronchioles due to the respiratory muscles contracting resulting in swelling. In order to counteract this, a bronchodilator is used.
45
COVID-19 begins typically in the upper respiratory tract but severe cases can enter into the lower respiratory tract. Name the anatomical features in both the upper and lower.
Upper respiratory tract: Mouth, nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx
Lower respiratory tract: Trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
46
Maurice ate some questionable left over pasta. A few hours later he experiences the worst food poisoning of his life, vomiting repeatedly for over 12 hours. During vomiting he is losing a massive amount of stomach acid throwing off his acid/base balance into metabolic alkalosis. How would the respiratory system compensate for this alkalosis?
The respiratory system would respond by counteracting hyperventilation caused by alkalosis through a negative feedback system in which chemoreceptors respond to an increase in oxygen and a return to normal ventilation.
47
Adonna is an avid yogini. She wakes up every morning to practice pranayama, depending on her energy levels she will use different breathing methods. Today she was a bit stressed so she did very slow deep breathing. What branch of the autonomic nervous system was she activating? What muscles would be used for this controlled deep breathing?
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that is activated are the chemoreceptors. The muscles used to control this deep breathing are the diaphragm, the external and internal intercostal muscles, the abdominal muscles, and the scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles.
