Nurs. 301 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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0
Q

What is a paradigm?

A

•Paradigm
◦Links science, philosophy, and theories
◦Nursing’s Metaparadigm
•Metaparadigm = concept that is extremely general, “meta” = that which is behind
•Links person, health, environment/situation ,and nursing
•Of these, “person” is the most important- Why?

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1
Q

What are the sources of knowledge?

A
  • Traditional—passed down from generation to generation
  • Authoritative—comes from an expert, accepted as truth based on person’s perceived expertise
  • Scientific—arrived at through the scientific method (research)
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2
Q

What is theory?

A

A theory is composed of a group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality

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3
Q

What are concepts?

A

Concepts, like ideas, or abstract impressions organizing the symbols of reality. Concepts describe objects, properties, and events and relationships among them

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4
Q

What is a group of concepts called?

A

A group of concepts that follows an understandable pattern makes up a conceptual framework or model

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5
Q

What is the difference between deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning?

A

Deductive reasoning: one examines a general idea and then consider specific actions or ideas

Inductive reasoning: one builds from specific ideas or actions to conclusions about general ideas

(Reverse)

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6
Q

Define a descriptive nursing theory

A

Descriptive theories describe the phenomenon, an event, situation, or a relationship

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7
Q

Define prescriptive nursing theory

A

Descriptive theories address nursing interventions and the consequences of those interventions, they’re designed to control, promote, and change clinical nursing practice

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8
Q

What is the theory?

A

A theory is a set of concepts, definitions, relationships and assumptions that:

  1. Formulates legislation
  2. Explains a phenomenon
  3. Measures nursing functions
  4. Reflects the domain of nursing practice
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9
Q

What are four common concepts in nursing theory that influence indeterminant nursing practice?

A
  1. The person
  2. The environment
  3. Health
  4. Nursing
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10
Q

Name a few important nursing theorist

A

•Nightingale
◦ nursing care focuses on health maintenance and restoration
•Peplau
◦ nurse understands own behavior to help others identify perceived difficulties
•Henderson
◦ patients require help towards achieving independence
•Roger
◦ person is an energy field co-existing within the universe
•Orem
- self-care is a human need, self-care deficits require nursing action

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11
Q

Which theories describe an orderly process beginning with conception and continuing through death?

A
  1. Systems theories
  2. Developmental theories
  3. Interdisciplinary theories
  4. Stress and adaptation theories
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12
Q

Theories that are broad and complex are…

A
  1. Grand theories
  2. Descriptive theories
  3. Middle-range theories
  4. Prescriptive theories
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13
Q

Quantitative versus qualitative research

A

•Quantitative

  • Involves concepts of basic and applied research
  • Uses statistics

•Qualitative

  • Conducted to gain insight by discovering meanings
  • Based on belief that reality is based on perceptions that differ for each persona nd change overtime
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14
Q

Types of quantitative research

A 
Quantitative:
•Descriptive
•Correlational
•Quasi-experimental
•Experimental
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15
Q

Types of qualitative research

A 
Qualitative:
•Phenomenology
•Grounded theory
•Ethnography
•Historical
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16
Q

What is Quasi-experimental research?

A

It’s purpose is to examine cause-and-effect relationships between selected variables. Often conducted in nursing to examine the effects of nursing interventions on patient outcomes

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17
Q

What are the 14 components to basic nursing care?

A
  1. Breathe normally
  2. Eat and drink adequately.
  3. Eliminate body waste.
  4. Move and maintain desirable postures.
  5. Sleep and rest.
  6. Select suitable clothes – dress and undress.
  7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying the environment.
  8. Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the integument.
  9. Avoid changes in the environment and avoid injuring others.
  10. Communicate with others expressing emotions, needs, fears or opinions.
  11. Worship according to one’s faith.
  12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment.
  13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation.
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18
Q

Which type of theory focuses on clinical nursing practice?

A

Prescriptive theory

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19
Q

When conducting research, information is collected. This would be identified as which of the following?

A

Data

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20
Q

Which type of quantitative research is conducted to directly influence or improve clinical practice?

A

Applied research

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21
Q

A nurse researchers setting the effects of exercise and sleep on blood pressure. The research identifies blood pressure is which type of variable?

A

Dependent, The dependent variable is the variable being studied and is determined by manipulating conditions

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22
Q

Of the following types of qualitative research, which method developed in anthropology?

A

Ethnography, ethnographic research was developed by the discipline of anthropology and is used to examine issues of culture of interest to nursing

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23
Q

What does PICO stand for?

A

P: patient, population, or problem of interest
I: intervention
C: comparison of interest
O: outcome of interest

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24
Five year old bobby has dietary modifications related to his diabetes. His parents want him to value good nutritional habits and they decide to deprive him of a favorite tv show when he becomes angry after they deny him foods not on his diet. This is an example of what mode of value transmission?
Rewarding and punishing
25
The American association of colleges of nursing identified 5 values that epitomize the caring professional nurse. Which of these is best described as acting in accordance with an appropriate code of ethics and accepted standards of practice?
Integrity
26
A professional nurse with a commitment to social justice is most apt to...
Promote universal access to healthcare
27
A home health nurse who performs a careful safety assessment of the home of a frail elderly patient to prevent harm to the patient is acting in accord with which of the principle bioethics?
Nonmaleficence
28
Jamie wants to call an ethics consult to clarify treatment goals for a patient no longer able to speak for himself. She believes his dying is being prolonged painfully. She is troubled when the patients doctor tells her that she'll be fired if she raises questions...this is an example of?
Ethical distress
29
What are values?
Personal belief or attitude about the worth of a given idea, attitude, custom or object that sets standards that influence behavior.
30
7 steps of the valuing process
●Choosing ●Freely ● from alternatives ● after consideration of consequences ●Prizing ●with pride and happiness ●with public affirmation ●Acting ●with incorporation of the choice into one’s behavior ●with consistency and regularity on the value
31
What is ethics?
The formal systematic study of moral beliefs using philosophical theories as foundations and guides to identify and resolve ethical issues.
32
Type of ethics
●Bioethics -Encompasses a number of fields “life sciences” (IE : genetic enhancement) ●Clinical -Concerned with ethical problems “at bedside” (IE: assisted suicide, refusal to consent) ●Nursing (IE: illegal practices of peers) - Formal study of ethical issues that arise in the practice of nursing - Analysis used by nurses to make ethical judgments
33
What is Deontology?
Decision is right if it conforms to an overriding moral duty and wrong if it violates that moral duty. ●Rightness of action based on rules/laws. ●An action is right or wrong independent of the consequences.
34
``` ●A nurse advises a patient about beginning an exercise program is an example of which ethical principle? A. Nonmaleficence B. Beneficence C. Justice D. Fidelity E. Veracity ```
Ty
35
``` ●A home health nurse recognizes that her client is tearful and could use some extra time. She also knows that she will be late to visit with her next client who is a diabetic and needs extra time for teaching. The nurse makes a time allotment decision based on: A. Nonmaleficence B. Beneficence C. Justice D. Fidelity E. Veracity ```
Hi
36
``` ●The nurse has to give a 4 year old an IM injection. She tells the child that “This isn’t going to hurt at all.” The nurse is not upholding what ethical principle? A. Nonmaleficence B. Beneficence C. Justice D. Fidelity E. Veracity ```
Ty
37
``` The nurse states to the client who has requested pain medication, “I’ll be right back with your pain medication.” The nurse gets called in to see another patient and is an hour late getting the pain medication to the client. Which ethical principle has the nurse failed to uphold? A. Nonmaleficence B. Beneficence C. Justice D. Fidelity E. Veracity ```
Y
38
Ethical dilemma vs. Ethical distress
Ethical dilemma—two or more clear moral principles apply but support mutually inconsistent courses of action ●Ethical distress—the nurse knows the right thing to do but factors make it difficult to follow the correct course of action
39
Law terminology
●Litigation—process of bringing and trying a lawsuit ●Plaintiff—person bringing suit ●Defendant—person being accused of a crime
40
What is a value?
A value is a belief about he worth of something, about what matters, that acts as a standard to guide ones behavior
41
What are common modes of value transmission?
``` Modeling Moralizing Laissez faire Rewarding and punishing Responsible choice ```
42
Nurse practice acts are an example of what type of law?
Statutory laws
43
What is litigation?
Litigation is the process of bringing in trying a lawsuit
44
What is the most important law affecting your nursing practice?
Your states nurse practice act
45
What is a tort?
I tort is subject to action in a civil court with damages usually being settled with money
46
True or false | Defamation of character is an intentional tort
True
47
What are the four elements of liability?
Liability involves four elements that must be Established to prove the malpractice or negligence is occurred. Duty, breach of duty, causation, and damages are
48
What is whistle blowing?
Whistle blowing is an effort by a member or past member of an organization to deliver a warning to the public concerning a serious wrongdoing or danger created or masked by the organization
49
Pedagogy vs. Andragogy
Pedagogy refers to teaching children Andragogy refers to teaching adults
50
What are the two effective tools that can be used to determine health literacy levels?
Rapid estimate of adult literacy in medicine short form Short assessment of health literacy for Spanish adults
51
What are the three domains people learn In?
Cognitive Psychomotor Affective
52
What is cognitive learning?
Cognitive learning involves the storing and recalling of new knowledge in the brain (Patient describes how salt intake affects blood pressure)
53
What is psychomotor learning?
Learning a physical skill involving the integration of mental and muscular activity (Patient demonstrates how to change dressings)
54
What is affective learning?
It involves changes in attitudes, values, and feelings | Patient expresses renewed self confidence after physical therapy
55
Which of the following phrases describes one of the purposes of the ANAs nursing social policy statement?
To describe nursings values and social responsibility
56
Which nursing organization was the first international organization of professional women?
ICN
57
What is the purpose of the ANAs scope and standards of practice?
To define activities that are special and unique to nursing
58
Descriptive vs. Prescriptive theories
Descriptive: describe a phenomenon, an event, a situation, or a relationship Prescriptive: addresses nursing interventions and the consequences of those interventions.... They are designed to control, promote, and change clinical nursing practice
59
Human adaption occurred somewhat three levels?
1. Internal self 2. Social 3. Physical
60
Quantitative research
Involves the concepts of basic and applied research
61
Qualitative research
The method of research conducted to gain insight by discovering meanings
62
Which type of theory focuses on clinical nursing practice?
Prescriptive theories | -they address nursing interventions and are designed to control, promote, and change clinical nursing practice
63
Which type of quantitative research is conducted to directly influence or improve clinical practice?
Applied research, a type of quantitative research, is designed to directly influence or improve clinical practice
64
The nurse researcher is setting the effects of exercise and sleep on blood pressure. The research identifies blood pressures which type of variable?
The dependent variable, is the variable being studied and is determined by manipulating conditions( independent variables)
65
Of the following types of qualitative research, which method developed in anthropology?
Ethnographic research, was developed by the discipline of anthropology and is used to examine issues of culture of interest to nursing
66
A nurse is formulating a clinical question and PICO format. Which of the following is represented by the P?
The P represents an explicit description of the patient population of interest
67
If you wanted to find a list of the violations that can result in disciplinary actions against a nurse, you should read which of the following?
Nurse practice act
68
Those bringing the charges against Jean are called what?
Plaintiffs
69
If review of this patient's record revealed that she had never consented to the eye surgery, of which intentional tort microsurgeon have been guilty of?
Battery
70
If you harm a patient by administering a medication ordered by a physician, which of the following is true?
Both you and the physician are responsible for your respective action
71
What are the three reasons the ANA list for purchasing a personal professional liability insurance policy
1. Protection of the nurses best interest 2. Limitations of employers coverage 3. Care or advice given outside of work
72
A nurse is top diabetic patient how to minister to give the insulin. The notion evaluate the teaching process by what question
Deciding if the learning outcomes have been achieved
73
The nurses using the health belief model to assess the patient. Using this model, what should the nurse begin to understand?
Whether the patient is willing to take actions to support help
74
When preparing health promotion program for patients in adult day care center, what is the first step the nurse must take?
Assessing the patient's learning needs and learning readiness
75
When using data from the patient's medical record as part of the necessary information to assess learning needs, the nurses using which type of data source?
Secondary
76
The primary purpose of a contractual agreement between the nurse and patients in beginning a teaching plan is to?
Motivate both the patient and the nurse to do what is necessary to meet the patients learning outcome
77
The best ways to affirm the efforts of patients who master new knowledge is, attitudes, are skills is through...
Positive reinforcement
78
Who was Virginia Henderson?
Her theory was to assist client in gaining independence as quickly as possible
79
Dorothea orems theory?
To care for and help client obtain total self-care
80
Sr. Castillo Roy's theme?
To assess demands on a client and help the client adapt
81
Florence Nightingale's theory?
To facilitate the body reparative process by manipulating the clients environment
82
Hildegard peplaus theory ?
To develop interaction between the nurse and the client | nursing is a therapeutic, interpersonal, and goal oriented process
83
Jean watsons theory?
To care using interventions to meet human needs | nursing is concerned with promoting and restoring help, preventing illness, and caring for the sick
84
Patricia Benner theory?
To go from novice to expert in nursing
85
Madeline Leiniger theory?
To Care across all cultures
86
Martha Rogers theory?
The client continuously changes and coexists with that environment
87
Faye Abdullah theory?
To problem solve
88
Imogene king theory?
To have nursing is an interpersonal process between nurse, client, and healthcare system
89
Ida Jean Orlando theory!
To use the nursing process
90
Margaret Newman theory?
A systems theory reducing stress
Nurs. 301
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